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P&A 10 Motor control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the key cortical motor areas and their functions? | The P's: Execution - primary motor cortex (M1), Preparation - Premotor cortex, Higher-level planning - prefrontal cortex, Sensory-motor skills - parietal cortex |
| What is somatotopic organisation in the primary motor cortex? | Somatotopic oganisation means that specific areas of M1 control specific body parts, arranged spatially according to the body's layout but on the opposite side. |
| How does a stroke affecting M1 impact motor function? | A stroke affecting one side of the brain can cause hemiplegia (paralysis) or hemiparesis (wekaness) on the opposite side of the body |
| How do cells in M1 code for movement direction? | Cells in M1 have a preferred movement direction, and populations of cells code direction of movement using vector coding |
| What are the two parallel systems in M1 described by Gordon et al 2023? | One system is body part specific for fine control (foot, hand and mouth), and the other is the somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) for integrating goals and whole-body movement |
| What roles does the premotor cortex play in movement? | The lateral premotor cortex handles externally generated actions (moving in response), while the supplementary motor area (SMA) controls internally generated actions (movements planned by yourself) |
| How is the cerebellum involved in coordinating bimanual movements? | The cerebellum, SMA and premotor areas are more active during difficult tasks requiring coordination of both hands |
| What changes occur during sequence learning? | Sequence learning (effortful to automatic) involves reduced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, lateral premotor cortex and M1, but increased activity in the SMA, cerebellum and basal ganglia |
| What effect does TMS over the SMA have on motor sequences? | Blocking SMA activity with TMS impairs performance on compex motor sequences but not on simple ones |
| What functions does the prefrontal cortex serve in motor control? | It is involved in choosing choosing what actions to perform, attention to actions during difficulty and managing long term goals |
| What motor impairments can result from prefrontal lesions? | Lesions can cause perseveration (repeating same action when no longer relevant), utilisation behaviour (acting on irrelevant/inappropriate object), disinhibition and frontal apraxia (difficulty following task sequences e.g cup of tea) |
| What is the antisaccade task and what does it assess? | The antisaccade task requires looking away from a target, testing the ability to inhibit automatic responses |
| What does the Norman & Shallice model propose about action control? | Proposes contention scheduling (automatic selection of familair actions from set of schemas) for routine actions. Supervisory attentional system (SAS) for novel or difficult actions (overriding/adjusting automatic schemas) |
| How can damage to the parietal cortex affect movement? | Damage can cause apraxia: difficulty performing skilled, purposeful movements despite intact basic motor function |
| What characterises ideomotor apraxia? | Involves a disconnect between action knowledge and execution, with difficulty performing actions despite recognising them |
| What are the main subcortical areas involved in motor control? | Cerebellum and basal ganglia |
| What motor deficits are seen in cerebellar patients? | Cerebellar patients may show action tremor, dysmetria (over/undershooting movements), poor coordination, motor learning deficits and impaired timing |
| What are the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease? | Bradykinesia (slow movement), resting tremor, rigidity and shuffling gait |
| How does Parkinsons affect handwriting? | Causes handwriting to become small and may progressively shrink further from fatigue |
Created by:
niamhcatrin
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