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crim 399-403
Definitions: Victim or Survivor? Theories of Victimisation/Victim Precipitation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the term survivor is | preferred since the word victim may be associated with weakness or passivity |
| ideal victim | weak, engaged in a respectable activity, not seen as responsible for contributing to their victimisation, and the offender is big and bad and unknown to the victim |
| single offences that occur in public spaces with strangers tend to | receive harsher penalties than offences that occur in private, even when these are repeat offences by a person in a position of trust |
| Victim precipitation | victim facilitation: situations where the victim was the initial aggressor in the action that led to their harm or loss. |
| Victim blaming | occurs when the victim of a crime is held responsible, in whole or in part, for their own victimisation |
| Victim blaming can take the form of negative social responses | from legal, medical, and mental health professionals as well as from the media, family members and other acquaintances |
| blaming crime victims helps | reassure the person assigning blame that they are safe |
| Attribution error | occurs when individuals over-emphasize personal characteristics and devalue environmental characteristics when judging others, resulting in victim blaming |
| Survivors who receive negative responses and blame | tend to experience greater distress and are less likely to report future victimisation |
| Routine Activity Theory | the risk of criminal victimisation increases with 1) the presence of a motivated offender, 2) an availability of suitable targets, and 3) a lack of capable guardianship |
| Critical Victimology | deconstruct victim blaming by calling attention to the ways race, gender, class, and other identities shape social constructions of victimisation |
| Indigenous, trans, or homeless women may not have | equal access to resources and may be treated differently within victim services or the criminal justice system |
| victimisation surveys are primarily used to | help uncover crimes that have not been reported to the police, otherwise known as the dark figure of crime |
| crime reporting depends on | victim perpetrator relationship, the nature and severity of the crime, the victim’s previous contact with police, and confidence in the criminal justice system |
| 19% of individuals (almost 6 million people) 15 years of age or older reported that | in the past 12 months they or their household had been a victim of one of the eight types of crime measured by the GSS |
| Mendelsohn | “father of victimology” |
| posttraumatic growth | positive changes that trauma survivors experience over time from the process of reflecting on and reframing their narratives |
| Re-victimisation | victims feel victimized for a second time by the criminal justice system and/or legal process |
| Trauma and violence-informed care | connections between violence, trauma, negative health outcomes and behaviours. |
| regulatory offences | manufacture of products to the public, driving on roads and highways, and working |
| financial crimes | illegality within finance and financial institutions |
| Political crime | governmental or political party officials engaging in illegal and improper activity for personal gain |
| state-organised crime | acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their job as representatives of the state |
| state-organised crime, examples | illegal surveillance, coup d’états, assassinations, and illegal wars |
Created by:
james22222222