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Part-A,B,C

TermDefinition
Diffusion the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration without using energy.
Osmosis the movement of water through a membrane from a place with more water to a place with less water.
Permeable something that allows substances to pass through it.
Semi-permeable allows only certain substances to pass through, while blocking others.
Non-permeable does not allow any substances to pass through.
Chromosomes thread-like structures in the nucleus made of DNA that carry genetic information and ensure proper cell division.
chromatin a substance in the nucleus made of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
3 parts of a DNA Sugar (Deoxyribose), Phosphate Group and Nitrogenous Bases
Nitrogeneous bases Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
codon a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the start or end of protein synthesis.
Nucleotide 3 parts: A phosphate group A sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine in DNA, and uracil replaces thymine in RNA)
Amino acids / proteins the building blocks of proteins, and proteins are formed when amino acids link together in specific sequences to perform various functions in the body.
Gene a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein or controlling a trait. It is the basic unit of heredity and is passed from parents to offspring.
Phenylketonuria a genetic disorder where the body can't break down an amino acid called phenylalanine, which is found in many protein-rich foods.
Down syndrome a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and characteristic physical features.
Huntington disease is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene, leading to progressive brain cell damage, uncontrolled movements, cognitive decline, and mood changes.
Transgenic organism an organism that has genes from another species added to its DNA. This is done to give the organism new traits, like making a plant resistant to bugs or helping animals produce medicines.
Genetic engineering the process of changing an organism's DNA to give it new traits. Scientists do this by adding, removing, or altering genes.
Mutations the DNA of an organism. It can happen by accident or because of things like radiation or chemicals.
Mutagens things that can cause changes (mutations) in an organism's DNA. These can be chemicals, radiation, or even some viruses.
Cloning the process of making an exact copy of an organism or cell. The clone has the same DNA as the original.
Interphase is the stage in the cell cycle where the cell gets ready to divide. It has three parts: Growth phase: The cell grows and does its normal work. Syntheses: The cell makes a copy of its DNA. Growth phase 2: The cell keeps growing and gets
Mitosis the process where a cell divides into two identical cells. It happens in four main stages: Prophase: The cell’s chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear membrane starts to break down. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of
Cell check points like "stop signs" in the cell cycle that make sure everything is okay before the cell moves to the next step. There are three main checkpoints: Growth phase checkpoint: Checks if the cell is healthy and ready to grow. Synthesist
Cytokinesis the process where the cell splits into two new cells after mitosis. In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in the middle to divide the cell into two. In plant cells, a new cell wall forms in the middle to separate the two cells.
Apoptosis the process of programmed cell death. It's a natural way for the body to get rid of cells that are damaged, no longer needed, or could become harmful.
Cancer Cells abnormal cells that grow and divide uncontrollably. cancer cells ignore signals that control cell growth and can spread to other parts of the body.
Tumor a lump or mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide uncontrollably.
Created by: Amirja.p
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