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p+a6 Depth percep
p+a 8 Mirror neurons
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is depth perception and why is it important? | A: Depth perception allows us to see in 3D, which is vital for interacting with the world and recognizing objects. |
| Q: What is the main challenge in depth perception? | A: The challenge is how we obtain a 3D perception from two flat 2D images on the retinas. |
| Q: What is the inverse problem in depth perception? | A: The inverse problem is that any given 2D retinal image could match an infinite number of possible 3D real-world scenes. |
| Q: What are the four main types of 3D cues? | A: The four main types of 3D cues are binocular cues, motion cues, pictorial cues, and oculomotor cues. |
| Q: What is binocular disparity? | A: Binocular disparity is the small difference between the two eyes’ images that the brain uses to perceive depth. |
| Q: What is motion parallax? | A: Motion parallax is a depth cue based on the fact that, during self-motion, nearby objects move faster across the visual field than distant objects. |
| Q: What is kinetic depth effect (KDE)? | A: The kinetic depth effect refers to the perception of 3D shape based on an object's motion. E.G Imagine looking at a wire sculpture from far away — it might just look like a flat mess. But if the sculpture spins, you suddenly see its full 3D shape. |
| Q: What are pictorial depth cues? | A: Pictorial cues include texture, elevation, relative size, perspective, shading, and occlusion. |
| Q: What are oculomotor cues for depth? | A: Oculomotor cues are convergence (eye turning inward) and accommodation (lens adjustment for focus). |
| Q: Why is depth perception still difficult even with many cues? | A: Many depth cues are ambiguous, and the brain must combine multiple cues to form a single unified and reliable 3D perception. |
| Q: How does the brain overcome ambiguity in depth cues? | A: The brain uses prior knowledge and assumptions based on experience of the physical world, a process known as top-down processing. |
| Q: What assumption helps solve ambiguity in perspective cues? | A: The assumption that lines in the world are usually parallel helps resolve ambiguity in perspective. |
| Q: What assumption helps solve ambiguity in shading? | A: The assumption that light typically comes from above helps us interpret shading correctly. |
| Q: What assumption helps solve ambiguity in elevation? | A: We assume that objects generally rest on a ground plane, not float in midair. |
| Q: How can assumptions sometimes cause perceptual errors? | A: If the assumptions are wrong in a specific situation, they can lead to visual illusions or misperceptions. |
| Q: What is an example of an erroneous assumption causing an illusion? | A: In the Ames Room illusion, the assumption that walls are straight and parallel leads to a distorted perception of people’s sizes. |
| Q: What is multi-cue perception? | A: Multi-cue perception is the process of integrating multiple depth cues to create a unified and accurate 3D percept. |
| Q: What problems does integrating multiple depth cues help solve? | A: It helps solve problems of reliability, ambiguity, and conflict between different sources of depth information. |
| Q: What are the three types of cue integration? | A: The three types of cue integration are compromise, dominance, and interaction. |
| Q: What happens during compromise in cue integration? | A: In compromise, the brain averages conflicting information from different cues, favouring the more reliable one if necessary. |
| Q: What did Young et al. (1993) find about cue compromise? | A: They found that when texture and motion cues conflicted about an object’s shape, the brain perceived a compromise between the two, biased towards the more reliable cue. |
| Q: What happens during dominance in cue integration? | A: During dominance, the brain trusts one cue completely and ignores the other, usually because the second cue is judged to be invalid or highly unreliable. |
| Q: What is an example of dominance leading to an illusion? | A: In the Ames Room, the brain trusts perspective cues over relative size, causing a distorted perception of room shape and object sizes. |
| Q: What happens during interaction in cue integration? | A: In interaction, an ambiguous cue is clarified by another, more reliable cue, helping resolve uncertainty. |
| Q: What is an example of interaction between depth cues? | A: Texture cues can be ambiguous between convex and concave shapes, but binocular disparity can disambiguate them. |
| Q: According to Landy et al. (1995), what is the order of cue integration? | A: First, ambiguous cues are disambiguated through interaction, and then conflicting cues are averaged during compromise. |
| Q: Why is cue integration important for depth perception? | A: Cue integration is essential to form a stable and accurate 3D understanding of the world despite the limitations of individual cues. |
Created by:
niamhcatrin
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