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PSY 100 Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | the moving force that energizes behavior – why we do things |
| Arousal theory | Some are motivated by increased arousal |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | Performance on a task is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task. Higher arousal for simpler tasks Moderate arousal for more difficult tasks |
| Biological need | the essential physiological requirements for survival and well-being |
| Drives | biological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates one to satisfy the need |
| Flow Theory | when individuals are in a state of flow, they experience deep immersion, focus, and intrinsic motivation in their activities |
| Incentive | any stimulus that has positive or negative value in motivating behavior |
| Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation | Intrinsic is more enduring; expectation of reward decreases intrinsic motives |
| Maslow's Hierarchy | Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self Actualization |
| Physiological | Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, rest, exercise, elimination, pain avoidance, oxygen consumption |
| Safety | Shelter, protection from danger (immediate or future) whether physical, psychological or economic. |
| Social | love and affection, friendship, association with others, affiliation. |
| Esteem | Self-confidence, independence, achievement, competence, knowledge, status, personal recognition, respect |
| Self Actualization | the process of fulfilling one's potential, the highest level in his hierarchy of needs |
| Social Loafing | Individuals exert less individual effort when working within groups |
| Bulimia Nervosa (BN) | Episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging) |
| Anorexia Nervosa (AN) | Radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation |
| Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) | Binge eating without compensatory behavior |
| Personality | the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others -your unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
| Behavior | Your behavior is seen as the observable manifestation of your personality |
| Rationalization | providing a socially acceptable reason for inappropriate behavior |
| Regression | regressing to an earlier period of time when we didn’t experience anxiety. |
| Repression | pushing memory to the unconscious Ex. Forgetting an exam or appointment you’ve been dreading |
| Projection | attributing our undesirable feelings on others Ex. A stubborn person calling others stubborn |
| Reaction Formation | acting the opposite of how we feel |
| Displacement | expressing feelings at a target less threatening than that which caused it |
| Sublimation | channeling uncomfortable sexual or aggressive impulses in a socially acceptable way |
| Denial | refusing to admit to reality |
| Intellectualization | reacting to emotional situations in a detached, unemotional way |
| Libido | Eros -Drive toward life expressed through sex |
| Thanatos | Drive toward death expressed through aggression |
| Id | Unconscious system of the personality which contains: The life instincts, sexual instincts, biological urges such as hunger and thirst. Death Instincts such as aggressive and destructive impulses |
| Ego | The logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality |
| Superego | Moral component of the personality |
| Great mother | Symbolizes nourishment and destruction Ex. Fairy godmother, mother earth, mother nature |
| Wise old man | Symbolizes wisdom -Often shallow Ex. Wizard of Oz |
| The self | Archetype of completion and wholeness -Symbolized by the mandala |
| Behavioral view of personality | B. F. Skinner -Environment determines personality -We are what we do: role of reinforcement and punishment/reward |
| fulfillment | -Empathy -Unconditional positive regard -Congruent relationship between actual self and ideal self |
| incongruence | when self concept and ideal self are not in alignment. |
| Trait theory | |
| Five Factor Theory | researchers have found that they can describe most of the variation in human personality with the Big Five Personality Dimensions |
| NEUROTICISM | experience unpleasant emotions relatively easily. People high on neuroticism are likely to experience anxiety, hostility, depression, self- consciousness, and impulsiveness. |
| EXTRAVERSION | seek new experiences and enjoy the company of other people. associated with warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness and excitement seeking, tend to maintain fairly stable, pos mood under most circumstances. |
| AGREEABLENESS | tendency for compassion and trust towards others. |
| CONSCIENTIOUSNESS | self-discipline, being dutiful, striving for achievement & competence. People with high levels are better workers and complete tasks they say they will. |
| OPENNESS TO EXPERIERNCE | tendency to enjoy new experiences, especially intellectual, arts, anything with new ideas |
| Internal locus | believe they control their own destinies & in fact are more effective in influencing their environment |
| External locus | controlled by outside forces |
| Harmful Dysfunction | behavior is judged to be: atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable |
| Medical Model | -concept that diseases have physical causes -can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured |
| Biopsychosocial model | Assumes that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders. |
| DSM VTR | American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition- Text revision) |
| PTSD | 1. Haunting memories. 2. Nightmares. 3. Social withdrawal. 4. Jumpy anxiety. 5. Sleep problems. |
| OCD | Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
| Phobias | Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior |
| Personality Disorders | disorders characterized by pervasive, inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| ASPD | Disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. Formerly called sociopath or psychopath |
| BPD | Unstable, chaotic, little emotional regulation |
| Major Depressive Disorder | a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder | commonly called Dysthymic disorder lies between blue mood and major depressive disorder. A disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more |
| Bipolar Disorder | Alteration between depression and mania. Formerly called manic-depressive |
| Schizophrenia | Lack of reality testing -Deterioration of social and intellectual functioning |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | The existence of two or more distinct personalities that recurrently take control of behavior within one individual – half have less than 10 and half more than 10 personalities |
| EMOTION | mix of physiological activation, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience |
| Physiological activation | heart pounding |
| Expressive behaviors | facial expressions, crying, yelling, fidgeting |
| Conscious experiences | feelings of threat or the thought that something is dangerous |
| Emotions present at birth | Joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear |
| Primary Emotions | Universal and biologically based – present shortly after birth. Fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust |
| Secondary emotions | Develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures. Guilt, jealousy, shame |
| Positive/Negative arousal | the level of emotional intensity and activation associated with both positive and negative emotions |
| Low/High arousal | low arousal (e.g., calmness, tiredness, boredom) to high arousal (e.g., excitement, anxiety, aggression) |
| Emotion, Arousal and Behavior | Arousal -> Behavior -> Subjective Feeling |
| Adaptation level phenomenon | Like adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people get adapted to a “neutral level” defined by experience. “Satisfaction has a short half-life” |
| Gender and emotion | men: more likely to rehearse angry thoughts(maintains anger) and express anger to strangers. Women: more likely to ruminate (maintains sadness and depression). |
| Emotional and cultural variation | Culture shapes the meaning of emotional expression. determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about |
| Feel good, do good phenomenon | When we feel happy we are more willing to help others. |
| Subjective well being | Self-perceived feelings of happiness or satisfaction with life. |
| STRESS | a state of psychological and physiological arousal in response to perceived demands or threats, leading to a range of physical, emotional, and behavioral responses |
| Biomedical | Illness has somatic causes Reductionist (mind-body dualism) Emphasis on illness Rooted in biological sciences Poor in predicting illness |
| Biopsychosocial | Illness has contributors at all levels (biological, psychological, social) Holistic (mind-body inter-related) Emphasis on health and illness Interdisciplinary/collabora tive Better at predicting illness |
| Stress as a stimulus, response and event | responses to stress perceptions of stress -- stress as an interaction between the person and the environment. |
| Daily hassle | have a stronger effect on illness than event stress |
| Chronic stress | ongoing stress such as relationship conflict or a negative living situation |
| problem vs emotion focus | problem (studying for an exam) emotion (working out to lessen the stress of an exam) |
| approach vs avoidance | approach (facing an exam by studying) avoidance (procrastinating, getting drunk or passively giving up and leaving school) |
| social psychology | How the social world affects our thoughts and behaviors, as individuals and in groups |
| Social perception | Our impressions and evaluations of others |
| Internal attribution | Things about a person’s personality or traits affects their behavior -Or things about a person’s efforts |
| External attribution | Things about situation affects a person’s behavior -Situation can include task difficulty, bad luck, etc. |
| Fundamental attribution error | Tendency to overestimate the influence of internal things like personality and underestimate the effects of external things like situations and the environment |
| actor observer bias | -We attribute other’s behaviors to internal things -We attribute our behaviors to external things - Especially true for bad things |
| Cognitive Dissonance- Leon Festinger | discomfort we are motivated to get rid of when thoughts, beliefs, attitudes are inconsistent with each other or with behavior |
| Group Think | thinking in groups that leaves members unable to carefully evaluate important decisions |
| Prejudice | unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members |
| Roots of prejudice | -Social inequalities -Social identity -Scapegoating -Tendency to categorize -Effects of vivid cases -The Just-World Phenomena |
Created by:
rye_b
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