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Phys. Geo. FINAL II
Physical geography final exam part II - Exam I and II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do scientists prefer Quantitative data? | Reveal trend and show options for anaylsis |
| What distinguishes science from psuedoscience? | Concepts must be falsifiable to be considered science |
| Which of following best matches the word theory? a. conclusion subjected to peer review b. idea based on observation c. concept widely tested and accepted d. idea whose experimental results agree with hypothesis e. idea undergoing experimentation | c. concept widely tested and accepted |
| Which of following is NOT important in judging credibility of a source? a. research reviewed by peers in field b. by scientists who never wrong before c. inferences clearly distinguished from data in report d. produced by institution w/ long history | b. by scientists who never wrong before |
| Science deniers commonly use three rhetorical arguments. What is the one they don't use? a. attack the scientists b. present credible alternative scientific data c. claim scientific method is flawed d. demand equal time for balanced view | b. present credible alternative scientific data |
| Why are objective observations so important to science? | They are helpful in removing bias |
| What paradigm shift in geology most changed the way geologists look at world? | Plate tectonics |
| In the scientific method, which step would normally follow observation? | Hypothesis development |
| Deductive reasoning focuses on ______; while inductive reasoning deals with _______. | Observation; inference |
| What evidence was found by Galileo that proved the Earth could not be the center of the Universe? | Moons orbiting Jupiter |
| As metamorphism progresses and intensifies in the rock cycle, what event or process is likely to take place next? | Melting |
| Which large chunk of geologic time is characterized by the lack of easy-to-find fossils? | Precambrian |
| Which of following geologic phenomena is outside realm of uniformitarianism? a. Ophiolites are part of ocean floor brought to surface b. sea lvls high = marine rocks form continents c. banded iron formed as O2 entered atm d. diamonds come from mantle | c. banded iron formed as O2 entered atm |
| Which assumption is required for uniformitarianism to hold true? a. volcanos & floods must have had same intensity in past as now b. every process on Earth has to still operate as it did c. processes have been governed by same set of rules as always | c. processes have been governed by same set of rules as always |
| Is matching fossils and rocks evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Continental drift |
| Is GPS measurements evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Plate tectonics |
| Is mid-ocean ridge found evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Plate tectonics |
| Is ocean trenches found evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Plate tectonics |
| Is matching coastlines evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Continental drift |
| Is lined-up earthquakes evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Plate tectonics |
| Is warm placed glaciated evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Continental drift |
| Is cooler places with tropical fossils evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Continental drift |
| Is paleomagnetism showing moving rocks evidence for continental drift or plate tectonics? | Plate tectonics |
| What layer of the earth is the lowest density layer? | Crust |
| What layer of the earth is the highest density layer? | Inner Core |
| What layer of the earth is the only liquid layer? | Outer Core |
| What layer of the earth is the largest layer by volume? | Mantle |
| What layer of the earth is the layer plates made from? | Lithosphere |
| What layer of the earth is the layer that moves the plates around? | Asthenosphere |
| How did scientists first figure out plates could sink into the interior of the planet since no one can see this happening? | Lines of progressively-deeper earthquakes near arcs and trenches |
| A line of shallow earthquakes with little to no volcanism is likely evidence of what type of plate boundary? | Transform |
| Which plate boundary has the largest and deepest earthquakes? | Subduction |
| Why are there not as many earthquakes or volcanoes on the east coast of North America as the west coast of N. America? | It is not close to a plate boundary (passive margin) |
| Why did Alfred Wegener never get the support of the scientific community for his hypothesis of continental drift during his lifetime? | He could not provide a mechanism for how continents moved |
| We are not able to get rocks from deep within Earth. What is the most direct source of information that allows us to draw conclusions about the interior? | Seismic waves |
| Of these, what boundary generally produces new liquid magma? a. transforms b. continent to continent c. collision d. passive e. subduction | e. subduction |
| What happens to the crust as you move toward the mid-ocean ridge? | the crust gets younger |
| What type of motion occurs at a transform boundary? Plates move _____ | side to side |
| Which plate boundary is least likely to be dangerous to humans? a. transform b. subduction c. collision d. rift e. mid-ocean ridge | e. mid-ocean ridge |
| Why do high mountains like the Alps and Himalayas from when continents collide? | The materials of continental plates are similar in density and don't subduct beneath one another |
| What is the biggest difference between hot-spot volcanism in an island chain and plate tectonic volcanism in an island chain? | Hot spots have age trends |
| Other than mid-ocean ridges, where on Earth is the best example of current (active) rifting (I showed in class and Google Earth)? | East Africa |
| What famous transform fault is known for being the boundary between the Pacific plate and North American Plate in California? | San Andres fault |
| Which of following is true about minerals? a. all rocks have more than one mineral b. minerals can only be made naturally c. a single mineral must include more than one chemical element d. minerals always contain silicon and oxygen | b. minerals can only be made naturally |
| What are the two (2) most abundant elements in Earth's crust? | Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O) |
| What is the chemical formula of the silica tetrahedra, the building block of all silicate minerals? | SiO4 |
| Minerals have crystalline structure. What does this mean? | That the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner |
| Select one process by which minerals are NOT made. a. precipitating from water via organisms b. freezing of water c. cooling from magma d. precipitating from water e. acid reactions from rain | e. acid reactions from rain |
| Which mineral group is composed of 3-D framework of silica tetrahedra? | Feldspar |
| What controls a mineral's color? | Elements present |
| Which mineral family has silica tetrahedra that are NOT connected by sharing corner oxygens with other tetrahedra and are thus isolated tetrahedra? | Olivine |
| Which of these is actually a mineral? a. icicle hanging from pine cone b. apatite in your collar bone c. ice cube in your drink d. calcite in living coral e. carbon in coal | a. icicle hanging from pine cone |
| Why might a single mineral (like pyrite) have several different crystal habits? | Atoms in its structure can be arranged differently |
| Explosive silica-rich volcanoes will be located mostly at _______ | convergent plate boundaries with subduction zones (ring of fire) |
| Deep-sea hydrothermal vents (black smokers) are cost commonly located at what plate boundary? | Divergent boundaries of the mid-ocean ridge |
| The largest type of volcano is called a _____ volcano and is characterize by broad, low-angle flanks, a small vent or groups of vents at the top and basaltic magma. | shield volcano |
| A ______ is a volcanic hazard arising from a collapsing eruption column that runs downhill at high speeds. These are associated with explosive eruptions and a mix of lava lapilli, pumice, ash, and hot gases | Pyroclastic flow |
| Where do igneous rocks with coarse-grained (phaneritic) texture form? | deep under surface |
| How does the silica content affect the behavior of magma? | higher silica makes the magma more viscous |
| What causes igneous rocks to develop a fine-grained (aphanitic) texture? | Fast cooling |
| A basaltic intrusion that cuts across layers of sedimentary rock is called _________ | Dike |
| If a rock contains amphibole, potassium feldspar (orthoclase), and quartz, if the rock is heated, which mineral would melt first according to Bowen's Rxn series? a. orthoclase b. amphibole c. quartz d. none | c. quartz |
| A _______ volcano has steep flanks, symmetrical cone shapes, distinct crater at the top, and a silica-rich magma that results in an explosive eruption style. | stratovolcano (or composite volcano) |
| ***What is the difference between weathering and erosion? | Weathering describes how rocks break down into smaller pieces, while erosion is the physical removal of those pieces to another location |
| Which of following is an example of mechanical weathering? a. oxidation b. exfoliation c. dissolution d. hydrolysis | b. Exfoliation |
| What do chemical and detrital (clastic) sedimentary rocks have in common? | Both involved water in their formation |
| Which of these is a component of soil? a. weathered rock b. organic material (humus) c. air d. water e. all of the above | e. all of the above |
| Which is the correct order of grain sizes from smallest to largest for sedimentary rock? a. clay, silt, sand, pebble, cobble, boulder b. pebble, silt, boulder, cobble, sand, clay c. sand, silt, clay, pebble, cobble, boulder | a. clay, silt, sand, pebble, cobble, boulder |
| Which of following is a biochemical sedimentary rock? a. shale b. coquina c. banded iron formation d. coal fossiliferous sandstone | b. coquina |
| What is most likely cause of detrital sediment with highly rounded grains? | longer distance transported |
| Which sedimentary rock is made of silt and/or clay and splits easily into layers? a. shale b. sandstone c. limestone d. mudstone | a. shale |
| Which of these indicate changing water conditions, from wet to dry? a. geopetal structures b. raindrop impressions c. ripple marks d. mudcracks e. sole marks | d. mudcracks |
| Which of following depositional environments is least likely to form fine-grained mud? a. glacial b. lagoonal c. abyssal d. lacustrine | a. glacial |
| What are the three agents of metamorphism? | Temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids |
| Which of these has the largest mica grains? a. marble b. schist c. shale d. phyllite e. slate | b. schist |
| The protolith of slate is _____ | Shale |
| Which metamorphic texture describes minerals oriented flat and parallel to each other so as to make sheets/planes in the rock? a. foliated b. non-foliated c. laminated d. stratified e. lineated | a. foliated |
| Which sequence list shows metamorphic rocks in order from low-grade to high? a. gneiss - schist - phyllite - slate b. slate - phyllite - schist - gneiss c. phyllite - slate - schist - gneiss d. slate - phyllite - gneiss - schist | b. slate - phyllite - schist - gneiss |
| When magma intrudes pre-existing country rock, the rock will be cooked by the magma. This metamorphic process is called ______ | Contact metamorphism |
| The core of a mountain range that formed during regional metamorphism would contain up to a ____ metamorphic facies | Blueschist |
| What kind of unconformity is probably the hardest to recognize among layered rocks because the rock strata above and below the erosional surface are parallel to each other? | Disconformity |
| What type of unconformity is usually easy to spot, since sedimentary layers were deposited on top of non-layer crystalline rock? | Nonconformity |
| Which best describes half-life? a. half of time between decay events b. half of time for an atom to decay c. time for half of radioactive isotope to decay d. time for half of a single radioactive atom to decay | c. Time for half of radioactive isotope to decay |
| Why are fossils so uncommon in rocks older than Cambrian? | Hard parts had no developed yet |
| What are the characteristics of an index fossil? | Widespread geographically, chronologically limited |
| Which of these divisions of geologic time is the longest? a. Period b. Eon c. Epoch d. Age e. Era | b. Eon |
| What is the resulting strain produced by tensional stress on a rock? | Lengthening and thinning of the rock |
| Where on Earth are strike-slip faults most common? | Fracture zones adjacent to mid-ocean ridges |
| On a map of an anticlines, where are the oldest rocks? | Near the axis of the fold |
| Which building type is most likely to collapse in earthquake? a. unreinforced masonry b. steel frame c. wood frame d. base isolated steel e. reinforced masonry | a. unreinforced masonry |
| What is required for liquefaction to occur in an Earthquake? | saturated unconsolidated sediment |
| Which seismic wave type is most damaging? a. P b. Rayleigh c. Love d. S e. Body | c. Love |
| What earthquake killed over 200,000 people as a result of the subsequent tsunami? | 2004 Indian Ocean |
| The majority of the oxygen associated with the Great Oxygenation Event came from _______ | Photosynthetic bacteria |
| In the solar system, the abundance of surface water characterize the Earth. Which is NOT considered a possible source of Earth's water? a. Volcanism b. the moon c. comets d. Earth's mantle e. meteorites | b. the moon |
| Which modern mountain range is associated with the formation of Pangea? a. Rocky b. Appalachian c. Himalaya d. Sierra Nevada e. Alps | b. Appalachian |
Created by:
phebe
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