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Phys. Geo. FINAL I
Chapters 11, 15, and 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What drives the water cycle? | Solar energy |
| Which process is NOT part of water cycle? a. evaporation b. infiltration c. freezing d. runoff e. precipitation | c. freezing |
| Water is a very unusual substance with unique properties. Which unusual property of water is of primary importance in maintaining the water cycle? a. high adhesion b. high specific heat c. as solid, it floats in its own liquid d. universal solvent | b. high specific heat |
| What is a water budget? | compares precipitation against evaporation and discharge |
| What are ephemeral streams? | Streams that are dry much of the year |
| The areas from which streams collect water are separated into ______________, the borders of which are defined by local topographic highs. | Drainage basins |
| Which state is the driest? a. California b. Arizona c. Utah d. Nevada e. Colorado | d. Nevada |
| What percentage of Earth’s surface water is fresh surface water? | About 1.2% |
| What percentage of freshwater is groundwater? | About 30.1% |
| In the United States, what does the 100th meridian do? | The 100th meridian divides the more humid east from the drier west. |
| Based on water rights law in Utah and much of the West, the _________ water rights holder has priority use of water. | senior |
| What is the “Law of the River”? | A complex of agreements among Colorado Basin states and between The United States and Mexico regarding allocation of Colorado River water |
| Why is the Colorado River Compact (as conceived and amended) likely to cause problems in the future? | The Compact was made in a year of high flow and based allocations on specific volumes and did not consider growth/drought |
| Entrenched meanders on streams like the Colorado or San Juan flowing on the Colorado Plateau in Utah are a result of _______________? | Tectonic elevation of the Colorado Plateau |
| Using formula for discharge, which streams has highest discharge? a. 5 ft across, 10 ft deep, & moving @ 10 ft/s b. 10 ft across, 1 ft deep, & moving @50 ft/s c. 1 ft across, 10 ft deep, & moving @10 ft/s d. 20 ft across, 3 ft deep, & moving @10 ft/s | d. stream 20 ft across, 3 ft deep, & moving @10 ft/s |
| Where the stream velocity increases along a cut bank, what also increases? | Erosion |
| When a stream enters a lake or ocean, the stream velocity slows. What would you expect to happen to the bedload and suspended load? What landform would this create? | The stream would lose energy and drop its sediments forming a delta. |
| How does an oxbow lake form? | when a meander is cut off and abandoned |
| Which of these features is not associated with groundwater discharge? a. spring b. losing stream c. gaining stream d. flowing well e. playa | Losing Stream |
| Which of these is not part of the porosity of a material? a. The spaces between the sand grains in a pile of sand b. The salt-rich portion of a rock that might dissolve away c. a cave of limestone d. disconnected tiny bubbles in a pumice | b. The salt-rich portion of a rock that might dissolve away |
| An aquifer is a rock unit that carries groundwater. Which of these is not a characteristic of a good aquifer? a. high porosity b. high permeability c. contains potable water d. confining layers e. can be drilled economically | d. confining layers |
| When does groundwater mining occur? | When the rate of pumped discharge exceeds that of natural groundwater recharge. |
| Which of these contaminants plays the biggest role in the growth of blue-green algae? a. acid drainage b. chloride c. surfactants d. arsenic e. nutrients | e. nutrients |
| Which of these is a source of nonpoint pollution? a. gas station b. fields of an agricultural area c. factory parking lot d. sewage treatment plants e. chemical spill site | b. fields of an agricultural area |
| Which of these is not a cause of salt contamination of groundwater? a. Landfills b. Street snow and ice melting compounds c. Natural evaporite deposits d. Roof runoff in industrial parks e. Overpumping in beach communities | d. Roof runoff in industrial parks |
| Why do travertine deposits form on cave walls? | Changes in gas or temperature in the water lead to the precipitation of calcite. |
| Carbonic acid is present in all precipitation. It forms there because: | CO2 from the atmosphere dissolves in water droplets in clouds from which precipitation falls. |
| What feature is not associated with karst regions? a. meandering floodplains b. losing streams c. sinking creeks d. caverns e. subterranean drainage systems f. rock towers | a. meandering floodplains |
| A trellis drainage pattern typically develops where _______? | Underlying sedimentary strata are folded or tilted |
| Why is the SNWA application to pump 155,000 ac-ft of water per year from Spring, Snake, Delamar, Dry Lake, and Cave valleys to southern Nevada a problem for Utah? | It would actually take Utah irrigation water |
| What is the result of tectonic elevation of the Colorado Plateau on rivers that flow across it? | Effective lowering of base level |
| The level of the water table is primarily determined by _________? | Average annual precipitation in the area |
| What is The Rincon on the Colorado River near Lake Powell? | an entrenched abandoned meander |
| What is the greatest concern for population increase in cities like Las Vegas, Nevada, and Salt Lake City, Utah, during climate change? | Inadequate water sources |
| What is essential for an artesian water system to develop? | Aquicludes confining an aquifer |
| What causes braided stream channels to form? | nearby sources of coarse sediment |
| Q=KA(Δh/L) is a formula that expresses ____________? | maximum discharge of a well during pumping |
| Topographic highs typically define which of these features? | Drainage basins |
| ***The atmosphere is mostly composed of _____ | Nitrogen |
| The sun mostly emits which type of radiation? a. visible light b. far infrared c. ultraviolet d. near infrared e. all of these | e. all of these |
| Which explains how sunlight passes thru atm., but heat energy from Earth’s surface has harder time escaping? a. sun is hotter than Earth b. atm has diff. character bottom up vs top down c. Each wavelength of radiation interacts diff. with atm. gases | c. Each specific wavelength pf radiation interacts diff. with atm. gases |
| The carbon dioxide levels today are around _____ ppm. | 410 ppm |
| Over the last 800,000 years, the highest pre-industrial concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere was _____. | approximately 300 ppm |
| If sea ice melts, what happens to sea-level and why? | Sea level will NOT change if sea ice melts because the volume of sea ice is already accounted for in the ocean (it’s floating). |
| Climate has changed in the past. What has caused the series of major climate fluctuations on the thousand-year time scales of the last 5 million years? | Milankovitch cycles |
| What do tree rings tell us about paleoclimate? | periods of wetter and dryer climate from the width of the rings |
| Why are planktonic microfossils like foraminifera so useful as proxy indicators of ancient climate? | Their fossils in sediments reveal assemblages that were adapted to different water temperatures. |
| Which sector of the economy produces the most anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions? | electricity and heat production |
| Which oxygen isotope, used in paleoclimatology, combined with hydrogen in water is more easily evaporated and thus would be found more concentrated in glacial ice? | O-16 |
| When did global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, cement, and flaring start increasing rapidly? | 1950 - industrial revolution |
| Which is example of a proxy indicator of climate change? a. Warmer summers bc ppl breathing out CO2 b. Isotopes found in minerals show climate pattern c. Chemical signatures from ancient marine biota/ice used to estimate temps for the past 800,000 yrs | c. Chemical signatures from ancient marine biota/ice used to estimate temps for the past 800,000 yrs |
| Which describes how deep sea sediment is used a past climate indicator? a. O2 isotope ratios from microfossil shells in sediment give info b. sediment formed when warm = more compact than when cold c. minerals @ bottom of sea indicate glacier formation | a. O2 isotope ratios from microfossil shells in sediment give info |
| What is a Positive Feedback Mechanism? | a natural process whose result increases the process |
| Which best illustrate greenhouse effect? a. Sunlight passing thru car window & heating up inside of car b. Burn fossil fuels cause glaciers to melt & sea level rise. c. Loss of Arctic sea ice d. Incr in a energy emitted from sun cause regional warm | a. Sunlight passing thru car window & heating up inside of car |
| Which describes how ice cores indicate past climates? a. Ice traps air bubbles of ancient atm. that reveal atmospheric composition in the past. b. shells in ice record O2 isotopes c. Pollen in cores show comp. of forests of world thru time | a. Ice traps air bubbles of ancient atm. that reveal atmospheric composition in the past. |
| With regard to climate change, a greenhouse gas is an atmospheric gas that _______? | Absorbs and traps heat radiating from the surface of the earth. |
| According to continuous measurements of atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna Loa CO2 Observatory, levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have reached and are surpassing what amount? | 410m ppm |
| What does the Keeling Curve show? | The exponential increase in atmospheric CO2 since 1958 |
| What percent of the additional heat caused by human activities is being absorbed by the oceans? | 80%-90% |
| According to a 2004 study published in the prestigious journal of Science, what percentage of climate scientists agree that warming is from human activities? | 97% |
| Which describes most damaging to life of ocean being more acidic? a. higher pH interrupts reproduce cycle of large sea mammals b. marine organisms w CaCo3 have hard time extracting CO3 from seawater c. Harder to get fresh water from sea | b. marine organisms w CaCo3 have hard time extracting CO3 from seawater |
| ***What is the best and most widely used definition of ore? | Metal-bearing minerals that can be extracted for profitq |
| Which is not a reason that underground mining may be selected as best instead of surface mining? a. ore is highly concentrated b. ore is in deep deposits c. ore is found in strong rock hard to excavate d. ore is in low concentrations over large area | d. ore is in low concentrations over large area |
| Which of these is not an example of a renewable resource? a. coal b. meat c. solar power d. hydroelectric e. heat w/in Earth f. corn ethanol | a. coal |
| What is the general feature called that is responsible for accumulating and concentrating petroleum? | Trap |
| Oil and natural gas come from _______; coal comes from _________. | Shallow marine, swamp |
| What do unconventional oil and gas plays have in common? | They are not simply pumped out of the ground like conventional oil and gas |
| Metallic minerals are most commonly associated with ____________ rocks. | Intrusive igneous |
| Which of the following is not a use for nonmetallic mineral resources? a. building materials b. road base c. cement d. nutrition e. Electrical wires f. fertilizer | e. Electrical wires |
| Acid mine drainage is problem under some mining circumstances. Which of these is NOT one of them? a. large heat source from underground magma b. highly reactive minerals c. chem weathering put reactive ions into sol d. fine particle size due to mining | a. large heat source from underground magma |
| What are evaporite minerals commonly used for? | Food (NaCl, KCl, & phosphorous) |
| Which mineral deposit does not form at relatively low (i.e. non-magmatic) temperatures? a. placer b. volcanogenic massive sulfide c. redox d. Mississippi-valley type e. evaporite | b. volcanogenic massive sulfide |
| Copper deposits fuel many local and national economies. Which type of mineral deposit does not contain and is therefore not mined for copper? a. kimberlite b. supergene c. skarn d. porphyry e. layered intrustion | a. kimberlite |
| Why is sequence stratigraphy important for finding petroleum? | It predicts where reservoirs and source rocks might develop |
| Which provides the most energy per ton? a. anthracite b. bituminous coal c. peat d. lignite e. sub-bituminous coal | a. anthracite |
| Which type of mining style is best for conventional oil and gas? a. mountaintop b. underground c. pumping e. open pit f. strip | c. pumping |
| Which type of mining style is generally best for large porphyry deposits? a. mountaintop b. underground c. pumping e. open pit f. strip | e. open pit |
| Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource? a. biodiesel b. hydroelectric power c. tidal power d. propane e. solar energy | d. propane |
| What makes an ore reserve better than just an ore deposit? | Reserves are more certain |
| When did true mining start? | Start of the stone age |
Created by:
phebe
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