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Psychology Ch. 12
Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| foot-in-the-door | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| social role | set of behaviors and expectations associated with a specific position or status within a social group or society |
| social norm | unwritten rule or expectation about how people in a specific group or society should behave, think, or act |
| cognitive dissonance | the theory that we act to reduce the comfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent |
| peripheral route persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
| central route persuasion | occurs when interested people's thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments |
| Asch Line Study | experiment was conducted to investigate how individuals are influenced by the opinions of a group, even when the group's opinion is demonstrably wrong - testtakers placed in a room with actors that would purposely give wrong answers |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
| Milgram study | investigated obedience of participants to an authority figure, even when commands led to potentially harmful actions - how high of voltage shocks would participants give when authoritative figure was present, even if the learner expressed pain |
| social facilitation | in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members |
| implicit bias | unconscious attitudes and stereotypes that influence one's understanding, actions, and decisions |
| explicit bias | conscious attitudes and beliefs about individuals or groups that lead to biased thoughts and actions |
| just-world phenomenon/hypothesis | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| in-group | group with which one feels a sense of solidarity or community of interests |
| out-group | a group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of hostility or dislike |
| in-group bias | tendency to favor one's own social group over other groups |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally |
| frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression |
| mere exposure effect | the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them |
| equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| Stanford Prison Experiment | investigated the psychological effects of authority and powerlessness in a simulated prison environment - randomly assigned roles as guards or prisoners, shut down after six days due to extreme psychological distress and abusive behavior exhibited |
| To help or not to help experiment | investigated bystander effect based on murder of Kitty Genovese - students pretended to have a seizure, some participants believed they were in a group, others didn't, timed how long it took people to respond |
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cadence.a15
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