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Negative punishment
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Behavior altering effect
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Negative punishment | The removal of a stimulus contingent on a response that decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions |
| Behavior altering effect | Alters the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by a stimulus |
| Applied behavior analysis (ABA) | The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior. |
| Philosophic doubt | Continually questioning what is regarded as fact |
| Science | A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena |
| Discriminative stimulus (SD) | A stimulus in the presence of which a response has a higher probability of occurrence as it is likely to be reinforced |
| Discriminated operant | An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others |
| Higher-order operant class | Behavior defined in terms of general relations between antecedents and responses, rather than in terms of specific stimuli and responses |
| Higher-order conditioning | Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus |
| Negative punishment | The removal of a stimulus contingent on a response that decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences |
| Operant Conditioning | The basic process by which operant learning occurs |
| Positive Punishment | The presentation of a stimulus contingent on a response that decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions |
| Principle of Behavior | A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time |
| Reinforcement | A stimulus change contingent on a response that increases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions |
| Reinforcer | A stimulus whose change increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
| Rule-governed behavior | Behavior controlled by a rule so that it comes under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences |
| Matching law | Rates of responding are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received |
| Negative punishment | The removal of a stimulus contingent on a response that decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions |
| Evocative effect | An increase in the current frequency of behavior reinforced by a stimulus |
| Establishing effect (EO) | Temporarily increases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus and decreases the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by a stimulus |
| Motivation operation (MO) | An environmental variable that (a) alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of a stimulus, object or event; and (b) alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event |
| Reflexive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-R) | A stimulus that acquires motivating properties by preceding some form of worsening or improvement |
| Surrogate conditioned motivating operation (CMO-S) | A stimulus paired with another motivating operation that has the same value- and behavior-altering effects as that motivating operation |
| Transitive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-T) | A stimulus in the context of which the value of another stimulus is altered as well as behaviors that have been reinforced by that other stimulus |
| Class expansion | A new member is added to a demonstrated stimulus equivalence class as the result of teaching a new conditional discrimination |
| Class merger | Independent equivalence classes are combined as the result of teaching a new but interrelated conditional discrimination |
| Class-specific reinforcement | A match-to-sample procedure in which not only is the correct comparison choice conditional on the sample stimulus, but the type of consequence delivered is, too. |
| Conditional discrimination | The role of one discriminative stimulus is conditional on the presence of another stimulus |
| Contextual control | The context that controls a particular type of relational responding |
| Reflexivity | Selecting a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus without direct training |
| Symmetry | Demonstrating the bidirectionality of equivalent sample and comparison stimuli without direct training |
| Transitivity | A derived relation that emerges as a product of training two other equivalent relations |
| Transfer of function | The functions of a stimulus in a relational network are altered based on how the stimulus is related to other stimuli |
| Stimulus equivalence | Following training of a few discriminations between arbitrary stimuli, additional relations between the stimuli emerge without direct training |
| Arbitrary relations | Stimuli to which people respond in interlocked ways, not because of physical similarity, but because social-verbal reinforcement contingencies teach people to respond to them in this way |
| Behavioral inflexibility | An insensitivity to external stimuli occurring when private events interfere with well-being behaviors on which high-priority positive reinforcers are contingent |
| Causal relations | If- then relations |
| Contextual stimulus | Signals the type of relational responding that will be reinforced |
| Deictic relations | A relation between the self, as one stimulus, and other stimuli from the external environment |
| Derived relations | Responding indicating a relation between two or more stimuli that emerges as an indirect function of related instruction or experience |
| Mutual entailment | A derived relation that is the reversal of the relationship between the sample and comparison stimuli |
| Perspective shifting | Responding as if from the vantage point of another person, place, or time than the personal here and now |
| Relational frame theory | A behavior-analytic account of human language and cognition |
| Relation frame | Any specific type of arbitrarily applicable relational responding |
| Transformation of function | The functions of a stimulus in a relational network are altered based on how the stimulus is related to other stimuli |
| Spatial relations | Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their juxtaposition in space |
| Generalized imitation | A learner imitates a wide variety of unprompted, untrained, non-reinforced modeled behaviors in different settings and situations |
| Imitation | Engaging in a formally similar behavior immediately following a model that controls the behavior |
| Observational learning | Entails detecting another person’s behavior and its consequences and using that information to determine whether or not to imitate the behavior |
| Extinction | No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced behavior |
| Extinction burst | An increase in the frequency of responding when extinction is first implemented |
| Extinction-induced variability | An effect of extinction in which an individual displays novel or diverse forms of a behavior during an extinction burst |
| Resistance to extinction | Continued responding during an extinction procedure |
| Resurgence | The reoccurrence of a previously reinforced behavior when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is terminated or decreased |
| Spontaneous recovery | Increase in response rate following reduction of a behavior through extinction |
| Response maintenance | The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior’s initial appears in the learner’s repertoire has been terminated. |
| Response generalization | the extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior |
| Setting/situation generalization | the extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting |
| Generalization across subjects | Changes in the behavior of people not directly treated by an intervention as function of treatment contingencies applied to other people |
| Generalized behavior change | A behavior change that has not been taught directly |
| Indiscriminable contingency | A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement |
| Spatial relations | Responding jointly to two stimuli on the basis of their juxtaposition in space |
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