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Clinical Psych
Final Exam Prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 D's? | Deviance, distress, dsyfunction, and danger. |
| How did the Stone Age view psychological disorders? | Held a demonological view, practiced trephination |
| How did the Greeks and Romans view psychological disorders? | Held a biological point of view, followed Hippocrates 4 humors. |
| How did the Renaissance (early 1800s) view psychological disorders? | Valued science over church, asylums emerged. |
| How were psychological disorders viewed in the late 1800s? | Reformers Pinel, Dix, Tuke, and Rush advocated for moral treatment. |
| How were psychological disorders viewed in the 1900s? | Somatic/psychogenic view came to light combining physical and psychological causes. |
| How were psychological disorders viewed in the Middle Ages? | Demonological views reemerged as church took precedence science. Treatment included exorcism, torture, and hospitalization. |
| What is the somatogenic perspective? | Belief that abnormal functioning has physical causes. |
| What is the psychogenic perspective? | Belief that abnormal functioning has psychological causes. Treatment included hypnosis. |
| When did psychological drug treatment become deinstitutionalized? | 1950s |
| What is nomothetic understanding? | A general understanding of abnormal functions in the form of laws or principles that apply to people. |
| What is idographic understanding? | An understanding that involves assessing or treating clients. |
| What is a case study? | A detailed description of a person's life and their psychological problems; acts as a source for new discoveries and support for theories. Limitations: biased observer and basis for generalization |
| Where is direct-to-consumer advertising legal? | US and New Zealand. |
| What are the 3 unconscious forces? | Ego: reality principle, ID: pleasure principle, and Superego: morality principle. |
| What do object relation theorists value? | They emphasize the need for relationships, esp. child/caregiver. |
| What does the cognitive-behavioral model utilze? | They look to correction maladaptive thoughts and behaviors and use different methods of conditioning. |
| What does the humanist-existentialist model utilze? | Emphasizes self-awareness and the meaning of life. Utilizes Maslow's hierarchy of needs. |
| What is Carl Roger belief? | Need for unconditional positive regard, client-centered therapy, and active listening. |
| What are some ways to conduct a clinical assessment? | Tests, observations, or interviews. |
| Standardization | a technique to set up something the same way each time |
| Validity | is "x" testing what it is meant to be testing |
| Psychophysiological Test | measures physiological responses in response to psychological issues |
| Deviance | different or extreme behaviors that divert from societal or cultural norms |
| Distress | upsetting behaviors that are unpleasant to experience |
| Dsyfunction | behaviors that interfere with everyday life |
| Danger | behaviors that could be ahrmful to one's self or others |
| Tarantism | people jump around and convulse. thought to be bitten by wolf spider |
| Lycanthropy | people acted "wolflike" in masses when they thought they were possessed by one |
| Where did the 4 major reformers advocate? | Pinel and Tuke in France and Britain, Rush and Dix in the US. |
| Positive Psychology | the study and enhancement of positive feelings |
| Matched Design | make use of groups in the world that already exist |
| Natural Experiment | nature manipulates the independent variable |
| Analogue Experiment | induce real life abnormal behavior then conduct experiments |
| Categorical Information | labels to disorder with common symptoms/traits |
| Dimensional Information | a severity rating of a client's symptoms |
| How long do GAD symptoms need to be present for before making a diagnosis? | 6 months |
| Who is most likely to develop an anxiety disorder? | Females and impoverished people. |
| What is the psychodynamic explanation for GAD? | Poor defense mechanisms and early childhood experiences. |
| What is the humanistic explanation for GAD? | When people stop looking at themselves honestly and openly. Rogers believed that those who did not receive unconditional positive regard may be partcularly suseptible. |
| What is the cognitive-behavioral explanation for GAD? | Arises from dysfuntional thought processes or behaviors. |
| Intolerance of Uncertainty Theory | when individuals worry constantly that negative events may occur |
| Avoidance Theory | people with GAD have greater bodily arousal than others and worrying reduces such |
| What is the biological explanation for GAD? | Genetic predispositions and GABA deficiencies. |
| What is the socio-cultural explanation for GAD? | Certain environmental or cultural factors such as poverty or abuse. |
| What is the cognitive-behavioral explanation for phobias? | Conditioning |
| Systematic Desensitization | an exposure technique of learning to relax while facing fears gradually |
| Flooding | exposure to fears repeatedly to an unarmed patient |
| What percent of phobias diminish with treatment? | 70% |
| What are some treatments for panic disorder? | Anti-depressants, beta-blockers, cog-behavioral therapy, and in rare cases benzos. |
| What is the biological explanation for panic disorder? | Associated with norepinephrine and the locus coeruleus. |
| Biological Challenge Test | researchers produce hyperventalation or other stimulation by administering drugs or through interaction |
| What stage does Freud associate anxiety with? | Anal stage. |
| Thought-Action Fusion | the belief that intrusive thoughts equal actions to cause harm |
| What are some treatments for OCD? | Exposure therapy, response-prevention therapy, and anti-depressants. |
| What are the four OCD related disorders? | Hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation, and body dysmorphic disorder. |
| Behavioral Inhibition | a consistent tendency to show fear and/or restraint when presented with an unfamiliar situation |
| What are the two important criteria when diagnosing separation anxiety disorder? | Must be present for at least 4 weeks and sufferer must be 18 or older. |
| Metacognitive Theory | suggest that people with GAD hold both positive and negative assumptions about worrying |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | a pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | person shows very little, if any, interest and ability to form relationships with other people |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder | marked by a consistent pattern of intense discomfort with close relationships and social interactions |
| What are the personality disorders in the odd cluster? | Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | characterized by impulsive, irresponsible and often criminal behavior |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | a pattern of unstable, intense relationships, as well as impulsiveness and an unhealthy way of seeing themselves |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | highly dramatic, lively, excitable and impulsive; love to be the center of attention |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | a pattern of inflated sense of self-importance, preoccupation with power, beauty, or success, and entitlement |
| What are the personality disorders in the dramatic cluster? | Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic. |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | characterized by a persistent pattern of social anxiety, heightened sensitivity to rejection, and pervasive feelings of inadequacy, coupled with a deep-rooted longing for meaningful connections with others |
| Dependent Personality Disorder | has a strong need for others to take care of them |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder | causes an extensive preoccupation with perfectionism, organization and control |
| What are the personality disorders in the anxious cluster? | Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive. |
| What are two dysfunctions that affect the desire phase? | Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder. |
| What are two dysfunctions that affect the excitement phase? | Erectile disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder. |
| What are two dysfunctions that affect the orgasm phase? | Premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, and female orgasmic disorder |
| Vaginismus | when the vagina suddenly tightens up when you try to insert something into it; the inability to have vaginal penetration |
| Dyspareunia | lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex; a symptom of people who enjoy sex |
| Parasuicides | nonfatal suicide attempts |
| Retrospective Analysis | a sort of psychological autopsy in which researchers piece together data from a patient's past; often used with suicide victims |
| What race is most likely to commit suicide? | AIANs |
| What two psychological disorders are most common among suicide attempters? | Depression and bipolar disorder. |
| Egoistic Suicides | carried out by people society has little or no control over |
| Altruistic Suicides | carried out by people well-integrated into society; they do so as an act of sacrifice for a society's well-being |
| Anomic Suicides | carried out by people whose social environment fails to provide for them |
| Anomie | when a failed social structure leaves people without a sense of belonging |
| What age group has the highest suicide rate? | Ages 45-65 |
| What is another term for sedative-hypnotic drugs? | Anxiolytics |
| Equifinality | the principle that different developmental tracks can lead to the same psychological disorders |
| Neologisms | made up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them |
| Perservation | the repetition of words and statements |
| Clang | rhymes used to express one's self |
| 1st Generation Antipsychotics | Phenothiazines |
| What neurotransmitters are linked to depression? | Norepinephrine, serotonin, and glutamate. |
| Beck's Unipolar Depression Theory | belief that depression is produced by a combination of maladaptive attitudes, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts |
| Seligman's Learned Helplessness | belief that depression occurs when people feel a loss of control over life's reinforcements |
| Rapid Cycling | when one with bipolar disorder has four or more cycles in a year |
| What are three potential cause of Bipolar Disorder? | Ion activity, brain structures/circuits, and genetics. |
| ATCH | the body's major stress hormone |
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MadisonFoleyReis
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