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science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Term | Definition |
| Physical Geography | Study of natural environments and processes from a physical science perspective |
| Living vs Non-living Components | Living: plants, animals; Non-living: air, water, rocks |
| Natural Process | Examples: erosion, volcanic eruptions, photosynthesis |
| Earth System | An interconnected system made of atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere |
| Atmosphere | Earth’s layer of gases; protects life and regulates temperature |
| Hydrosphere | All water on Earth (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice) |
| Geosphere | Earth's solid parts: crust, mantle, core |
| Biosphere | All living organisms and ecosystems on Earth |
| Ozone Layer | Protects Earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation |
| Ozone Hole | Area of depleted ozone caused by CFCs; mainly over Antarctica |
| Karman Line | Boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and space (~100 km) |
| Earth's Average Surface Temp | Approximately 15°C or 59°F |
| Greenhouse Effect | Natural trapping of heat by Earth’s atmosphere |
| Enhanced Greenhouse Effect | Caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels |
| Earth's Magnetic Field | Protects planet from solar wind and cosmic radiation |
| Mars' Magnetic Field | Weak or absent, causing atmospheric loss and harsh conditions |
| Lithosphere | Earth’s rigid outer layer (crust and upper mantle) |
| Examples of Lithosphere Resources | Halite, diamond, galena, sheet mica, hydrocarbons |
| Carbon Cycle | Cycle of carbon through atmosphere, biosphere, oceans, etc. |
| Earth as a Closed System | Matter stays within Earth; energy flows in and out |
| Cryosphere | Frozen water parts of Earth: glaciers, ice caps, permafrost |
| Glaciers | Large moving ice masses; not stationary |
| Glacial Striations | Scratches on bedrock made by glacier movement |
| Glacial Moraines | Debris left behind by glaciers |
| Glacial Retreat | Glacier melts faster than it accumulates |
| Biome | A large natural community of flora and fauna |
| Invasive Species | Non-native species that spread and harm ecosystems |
| Examples of Invasive Species | Kudzu, Lionfish, fire ants |
| Florida Lionfish Strategy | Promoting consumption to reduce population |
| Temperate Deciduous Forest | Biome with four seasons; native to eastern US, Europe, Asia |
| Atmosphere Composition | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, small amounts of other gases |
| Scattering | Causes sky to appear blue by scattering short wavelengths |
| Absorption | Energy taken in by a surface → increases temperature |
| Reflection | Energy bounced off a surface → no heating effect |
| Counter-Radiation | Infrared radiation from atmosphere back to Earth’s surface |
| Troposphere | Lowest layer of atmosphere; weather occurs here |
| Stratosphere | Contains ozone layer; second atmospheric layer |
| Mesosphere | Third layer; coldest part of the atmosphere |
| Thermosphere | Upper atmosphere; very hot, includes ionosphere |
| Ionosphere | Charged particles; helps with radio communication |
| Latent Heat Energy | Energy absorbed or released during phase change of water |
| Evaporation | Liquid to gas; absorbs heat (cooling) |
| Condensation | Gas to liquid; releases heat (heating) |
| Latent Heat of Vaporization | Energy needed to evaporate water |
| Latent Heat of Condensation | Energy released when vapor condenses |
| Altitude vs Elevation | Altitude: air height; Elevation: land height |
| Barometric Pressure | Air pressure measured by barometer |
| Mercury Barometer | Measures pressure using mercury column |
| Aneroid Barometer | Measures pressure without liquid |
| Standard Pressure at Sea Level | 1013.25 mb or 29.92 in Hg |
| Water Cycle | Evaporation → condensation → precipitation → runoff/infiltration |
| Transpiration | Water loss from plant leaves |
| Evapotranspiration | Evaporation + transpiration |
| Runoff | Water flowing over land surface |
| Infiltration | Water soaking into the ground |
| Groundwater Recharge | Process of water entering the aquifer |
| Percolation | Water movement through soil/rock layers |
| Porosity | Space in soil/rock for holding water |
| Permeability | How easily water flows through soil/rock |
| Unsaturated Zone | Above water table; not all pores filled with water |
| Saturated Zone | All pores filled with water; below water table |
| Water Table | Top of the saturated zone |
| Spring | Water flows naturally from ground |
| Wetland | Water-saturated land; important ecosystems |
| Influent Stream | Loses water to the ground |
| Effluent Stream | Gains water from groundwater |
| Aquifer | Layer that holds and transmits groundwater |
| Aquiclude | Layer that blocks water flow (e.g., clay) |
| Perched Water Table | Water trapped above main water table |
| Confined Aquifer | Trapped between impermeable layers |
| Unconfined Aquifer | Open to surface; recharges easily |
| Cone of Depression | Lowering of water table around a well |
| Artesian Well | Water rises under pressure from confined aquifer |
| Flowing Artesian Well | Water flows without pumping |
| Main Use of Groundwater | Irrigation (farming) |
| Groundwater Mining | Withdrawing more groundwater than is replenished |
| Geyser | Hot water and steam eruption from underground heat |
Created by:
jkassel
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