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RADT 465 Safety
ARRT Registry Review over Safety
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four requirements for x-ray production? | A source of free electrons, a means of accelerating them, a means of focusing them toward the anode, and a means of decelerating them. |
| What is an atom? | The smallest subdivision of an element. |
| What is the atomic number of an atom? | The number of protons in the nucleus. |
| What is the atomic mass of an atom? | The number of protons and neutrons. |
| What does the valence number represent? | The number of electrons in the last orbital shell. |
| What are the two interactions that occur in the anode? | Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic. |
| What occurs during a Bremsstrahlung interaction? | A projectile electron interacts with the electrostatic charge of the target's nucleus, slows down, changes direction and loses energy in the process. |
| What occurs during a Characteristic interaction? | A projectile electron interacts with an inner shell electron, ionizing the atom and ejecting the inner shell electron. The vacancy is filled by an outer shell electron which releases a characteristic x-ray photon. |
| Which target interaction is more common? | Bremsstrahlung (90-100%). |
| What does the Bremsstrahlung emission graph look like? | A bell curve. |
| What does the Characteristic emission graph look like? | A bar graph. |
| At what percentage are the greatest number of x-ray produced on a Bremsstrahlung emission graph? | 30% |
| How does an increase in mAs affect Bremsstrahlung emission graphs? | The amplitude of the curve rises. |
| How does an increase in kvp affect the curve of the Bremsstrahlung graph? | The amplitude will rise and the curve moves to the right. |
| How does an increase in distance affect the curve of the Bremsstrahlung graph? | The amplitude will decrease. |
| How does an increase in filtration affect the curve of the Bremsstrahlung graph? | The amplitude decreases and the curve moves to the right. |
| What is the definition of frequency? | The rise and fall of the electromagnetic photon. |
| What is frequency measured in? | Hertz (Hz). |
| What is the definition of wavelength? | The distance between two peaks of electromagnetic photons. |
| What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? | An inverse relationship. |
| What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength? | Energy is directly proportional to frequency and indirectly proportional to wavelength. |
| What is occurs during a Compton interaction? | An incident photon ionizes an outer shell electron by being partially absorbed, the electron leaves, and the remaining photon energy goes off in another direction as scatter. |
| What does Compton scatter contribute to? | Occupational dose. |
| What is the photoelectric interaction? | An incident photon interacts with an inner shell electron, is completely absorbed, resulting in a photoelectron which releases its binding energy and leaves. The vacancy is filled by an outer shell electron which releases a characteristic photon. |
| What does the Photoelectric interaction contribute to? | Patient dose. |
| What is the Coherent interaction? | A very low incident photon excites an atom, no absorption or ionization occurs and the photon continues in another direction as scatter. |
| What does the Coherent interaction contribute to? | It degrades image quality and is responsible for increasing entrance skin exposure. |
| What is the SI unit for absorbed dose? | Gray (Gy). |
| What is the SI unit for absorbed dose equivalent? | Sievert (Sv). |
| What is the SI unit for roentgen? | Coulomb/kg. |
| What is the equation used to find equivalent dose? | EqD = AD x Wr |
| What is the equation used to find effective dose? | EqF = AD x Wr x Wt |
| What is the quality factor number for x-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles? | 1 |
| What is the quality factor for protons? | 5 |
| What is the quality factor for neutrons? | 10 |
| What is the quality factor for alpha particles? | 20 |
| What is the dose-response relationship for x-rays. | Linear Non-threshold. |
| What is the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau? | The law states that immature, rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive than mature cells. |
| What is Linear Energy Transfer (LET)? | The amount of energy deposited per unit track length through the body. |
| What is the oxygen effect or OER? | How oxygenated environments can increase the effectiveness of radiation. |
| What is Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)? | The ability of radiation to cause damage to the body. |
| What is the relationship between RBE and LET? | A direct relationship. |
| What is Radiolysis? | Radiation interaction with water which can result in the creation of free radicals. |
| Why are free radicals dangerous? | They can combine to create toxic substances and causes spontaneous cell death. |
| What interaction causes the most damage to the body and is the most common? | Radiolysis. |
| What dose-response relationship does the eye follow? | non-linear, threshold. |
| What dose-response relationship does the thyroid follow? | linear, non-threshold. |
| What dose-response relationship does the breast tissue follow? | linear, non-threshold. |
| What dose-response relationship does bone marrow follow? | linear, threshold. |
| What dose-response relationship does skin follow? | threshold. |
| What are the Acute Radiation Syndromes from least severe to most? | Hemopoietic syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome, Central Nervous System syndrome. |
| What symptoms appear and when does death occur during Hemopoietic syndrome? | Symptoms include depression of the immune system and blood clotting at 1-10 Gy. Death occurs within 3-6 weeks. It is the most radiosensitive. |
| What symptoms appear and when does death occur for Gastrointestinal? | symptoms occur after exposure of 10-50 Gy and include nausea, vomiting, fatigue. Death occurs within one week. |
| What symptoms appear and when does death occur for Central Nervous System syndrome? | Symptoms include an increase in intercranial pressure and capillaries bursting after exposure of 50 Gy. Death occurs within hours or days. |
Created by:
emjohnson4
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