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Personality Psycholo
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CHAPTER 13 | CHAPTER 13 |
| Approach goals | goal to approach desired end-state |
| Avoidance goals | goal to avoid an undesired end-state |
| Performance goals | goal to gain favorable judgements about one’s competence |
| Learning goal | goal to master new skills |
| Personal projects | the “doings” of our daily lives |
| Core projects | foundational, self-defining projects |
| Free traits | strategic (sometimes “out of character”) behaviors designed to advance core projects |
| Self-regulation | the control of one’s behavior (in service of personal goals) |
| Self-control/willpower | inhibiting or restraining impulses |
| Discuss what can promote successful goal pursuit | 1. setting implementation intentions 2. using self-control 3. setting good habits |
| Implementation intentions and an example | - the how, why, and where of a goal pursuit - If there are stairs, then I will take them |
| Self-presentation | how people present themselves or attempt to shape how others view them |
| CHAPTER 7 | CHAPTER 7 |
| Describe the “lemon test” and how it relates to introversion and extraversion | introverts produce more saliva than extroverts due to increased cortisol arousal Relation to extroversion and introversion: Introverts- more stimulated, trying to withdrawal Extraverts- under-stimulated, seeking stimulation |
| Define the BAS and BIS systems | Behavioral activation system (BAS)- areas of brain sensitive to presence of/possibility for reward Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)- areas of brain sensitive to presence of/possibility for punishment |
| Describe how the BAS and BIS systems correlate with the Big Five Traits | BAS- Correlates strongly with extraversion, correlates mildly with openness BIS- Correlates strongly with neuroticism, correlates mildly with agreeableness and conscientiousness |
| Neurotransmitter | chemicals involved in sending messages along nerve pathway |
| Describe how serotonin may be related to personality/behavior | - mood regulation - neuroticism associated with serotonin levels - conscientiousness related to serotonin functioning - Important for stopping aggressive impulses |
| Describe how dopamine may be related to personality/behavior | Reward: - Association with extraversion Attention: - Involved in working memory and attentional mechanisms (associated with openness) but no direct link |
| Describe how Monoamine oxidase (MAO) may be related to personality/behavior | - Breaking down neurotransmitters - Too much or too little can affect overall neurotransmitter levels (Low MAO and high neurotransmitters linked with impulsivity) |
| Meta-trait | Higher order functioning |
| How meta-traits relates to Big Five functioning | Stability regulated by serotonin and plasticity regulated by dopamine |
| Define sensation-seeking | personality trait describing the desire to seek new, varied, and exciting experiences |
| Define hormone | chemical substances which carry signals through the blood to target organs |
| Describe how testosterone and oxytocin may be related to personality/behavior | - more testosterone, more aggression - more oxytocin, less aggression and more trust with others (but not gullibility) |
| Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the biological approach | Strengths: - Makes testable, falsifiable predictions - Supported by data Weaknesses: - Parsimonious - Replication - Cause and effect |
| CHAPTER 6 | CHAPTER 6 |
| Define gene | a specific segment of DNA that codes for something (usually a protein) |
| Define chromosome | threadlike structure made of DNA |
| Define allele | - one or two more alternative “versions” of a gene - Most genes have two, one from each parent |
| Define genotype | an organism's genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | observable characteristics of organism from interaction of genotype and environment |
| Explain how monozygotic twins are different from dizygotic twins | - Monozygotic (identical) twins- one fertilized egg splits into 2 (Share 100% of DNA) - Dizygotic (fraternal) twins- two different eggs are fertilized separately (Share 50% of DNA ) |
| Define adoption study | compare how adopted children resemble the biological parents and the adoptive parents |
| Define twin study | method that examines pairs of identical and same-sex fraternal twins raised together |
| Define twin adoption study | study examining twins raised apart and together |
| Define heritability | estimate of genetic influence on a particular trait |
| Study how to interpret heritability | Study how to interpret heritability |
| Define gene x environment interaction | when genetics and environment work together to shape personality |
| Define epigenetic | environmental influence on gene expression (without changing actual structure of DNA) |
| Define temperament | an inherited personality trait present in early childhood |
| Personality Change and Development (title) | Personality Change and Development (title) |
| Individual-level change | how do you change in relation to yourself? |
| Mean-level change | increases or decreased in average level of a trait (in a sample/population) |
| Rank-order change | how do you change in relation to your peers? |
| Personality and Relationships (title) | Personality and Relationships (title) |
| Describe three different attachment styles in childhood | 1. Secure attachment- trusting, open style of attachment 2. Anxious/ambivalent/resistant attachment- anxious, uncertain, and clingy style of attachment 3. Avoidant attachment- removed isolated style of attachment |
| Describe Bartholomew & Horowitz's dimensional view of attachment in adulthood | - thinks of attachment anxiety and avoidance as dimensions rather than types - attachment anxiety = negative view of self - attachment avoidance = negative view of others |
| Describe how attachment styles can be developed through childhood experience | - internal working model: mental representation of our attachment figures that can carry through to other relationships - internalization: processes by which attachment becomes part of our adult personalities |
| Describe how attachment styles can be developed through genetics | - one study found heritability relating to attachment anxiety, while others don't |
| Describe how attachment styles can be developed through current experiences | - attachment styles tend to be moderately stale - however, they can change based on current experiences |
| Discuss the relationship between personality (Big 5) and relationship outcomes in romantic relationships | - Greater similarity in Big 5 = decreased satisfaction in relationship over time - Biggest negative correlations for conscientiousness and extraversion - Better partners are high in conscientiousness, agreeableness, and low in neuroticism |
| Discuss the relationship between personality (Big 5) and relationship outcomes in romantic friendships | Extraverted and agreeable = more friends Neurotic = negative friendships Conscientious = no big role in friendships Openness = high friendship network but not friendships, likely to have differing friends than oneself, friends with those who are open |
Created by:
addisonswenson
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