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Drug use models
Uni of Notts, Addiction & The Brain, first year
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How drug use is affected by how long the drug has been around | Drugs that have been used for a long time have a stable pattern of usage among their population but new drugs have very high usage that slowly tails off |
| How often most illicit drugs are used | Most illicit drugs are rarely used daily & likely to be consumed in occasional social gatherings |
| Demographics most likely to consume drugs | Lower class, younger people, men. Although different statistics apply to different drugs (currently weed is the most common illicit) |
| How people become addicted to drugs | Everyone is capable of becoming addicts (regardless of personality) physiologically due to changes in the mesolimbic pathway & psychologically due to role models, classical & operant conditioning |
| Withdrawal | Physiological & psychological symptoms a person experiences when reducing or halting intake of a drug they are dependant on. This varies in symptoms & severity |
| Role of conditioning in addiction | Withdrawal is extremely aversive & negative reinforcement keeps people taking the drug. Even if the person withdraws under medical supervision & is no longer addicted, the environment can cause conditioned relapse |
| O'brien et al. Conditioned withdrawal study | Artificially induced withdrawal in former heroin addicts which was paired with a tone as the neutral stimulus. This became a conditioned stimulus overtime & hearing it caused withdrawal-like symptoms in the patient |
| Issues with the withdrawal model of addiction | It is reductionist & doesn't consider the positive reinforcements of taking the drug due to excitation of dopaminergic cells in the midbrain |
| Opponent processes model | Initial reactions to stimulus are followed by the opposite reactions over time when the stimulus is removed. With repeated use the opposite becomes stronger & more stimulus is required for the same result leading to tolerance |
| Opponent process model diagram | Initial stimulus: a - b (a>b), strong reaction Repeated use: a - b (a↓>b↑), duller reaction Chronic use: a - b (a↓<b↑), drug needs to be taken just to feel normal Large dose: a - b (a↑>b↑), more required to achieve initial reaction but worse comedown |
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance | When the drug's effect at a cellular or receptor level diminishes over time e.g., by downregulating receptors |
| Pharmacokinetic tolerance | When the body becomes more adept at purging the drug through metabolic or regulatory pathways e.g., by upregulating proteins catalysing the drug breakdown |
| Siegel et al. (1983) environmental heroin tolerance | Heroin-rats were significantly more likely to die from an overdose when taking heroin in an environment they don't usually take it in |
| Hogarth et al. (2010) pairing neutral stimuli with drugs | Users who observed certain neutral shapes while under the influence of heroin were more likely to find those shapes appealing when sober |
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Beech47
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