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Sherer Ch1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Radiation Protection | effective measures employed by radiation workers to safe guard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary radiation exposure to ionizing radiation |
| the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease | Diagnostic Efficacy |
| traditional unit of measure for EqD | rem |
| damage to living tissue of animals and human beings exposed to radiation | biologic effects |
| biologic effects of ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn | genetic effects |
| genetic or somatic changes in a living organism (eg mutation, cataracts, leukemia), caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to ionizing radiation | organic damage |
| radiation quantity used for rad protection purposes when a person receives various types of ionizing radiation. This quantity attempts to numerically specify the differences in biologic harm that are produced b different types of radiation | Equivalent Dose (EqD) |
| uses weighting factors to determine radiation dose and chance of each of those body parts developing radiation-induced cancer or genetic damage | Effective Dose (EfD) |
| SI unit of measure for EqD | Sv |
| Background Radiation Equivalent Time | method of comparing the amount of radiation received from a rad procedure with natural background radiation received over a given period. |
| produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter | ionizing radiation |
| full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. | Electromagnetic Spectrum |
| energy that passes from one location to another | radiation |
| cellular damage | injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level |
| natural sources of ionizing radiation that become increased because of accidental or deliberate human actions, such as mining. | enhanced natural resources |
| identical to high-speed elecrons, except they are emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms instead of originating in atomic shells | beta particles |
| number of protons contained in within the nucleus of an atom | atomic number (Z#) |
| radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants | fallout |
| unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability | radionuclide |
| EqD necessary to produce hematological changes | .25 Sv (25 rem) |
| EqD necessary to cause nausea & diarrhea | 1.5 Sv (150 rem) |
| EqD necessary to cause erythema | 2 Sv (200 rem) |
| EqD necessary to cause temporary sterility of dose is to gonads | 2.5 Sv (250 rem) |
| EqD necessary to cause 50% chance of death; lethal dose for 50% of population over 30 days (LD 50/30) | 3.0 Sv (300 rem) |
| EqD necessary to cause death | 6.0 Sv (600 rem) |
| What are the 4 radioactive nuclides found in the body | Potassium-40, Carbon-14, Hydrogen-3, Stronium-90 |
| 6 sources of manmade ionizing radiation | medical diagnostic, nuclear power plant accidents, consumer products, air travel, atmospheric fallout, nuclear fuel |
| 3 advantages to BERT | simple to understand, implies no risk factors, acknowledges radiation natural part of life |
| 3 ways to indicate the amount of radiation received by patient | Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE), Bone Marrow Dose, Gonadal Dose |
| What is the aim of the ETHOS project | to rebuild acceptable living conditions for local citizens in contaminated territories in the Ukraine region by actively involving them in the reconstruction process |
| 2006 total amount of annual background radiation per person | 6.25 mSv (625 rem) |
| BERT EfD for Dental, Intraoral procedure | 1 week (.06 mSv, 6 mrem) |
| BERT EfD for CXR | 10 days (.08 mSv, 8 mrem) |
| BERT EfD for T-Spine | 6 months (1.5 mSv, 150 mrem) |
| BERT EfD for L-Spine | 1 year (3.0 mSv, 300 mrem) |
| BERT EfD for Upper GI Series | 1.5 years (4.5 mSv, 450 mrem) |
| BERT EfD for Lower GI Series | 2 years (6.0 mSv, 600mrem) |
| Artificial teeth made in the US are estimated to give the tissues of the oral cavity how much exposure per year | 600 mSv/yr |
| EPA recommendation for radon levels in air | not to exceed 4 pCi/L |
| EPA limit of Radon will yield annual EqD to the lung of what? | .05 mSv (5mrem) |
| EPA estimates what percentage of homes exceed recommended levels of radon | 10% |
| The only levels of energy classified as ionizing radiation start at what level | 10 eV (high energy UV rays, X-rays, Gamma Rays) |
| ORP stands for? | Optimization for radiation protection - synonymous with ALARA |
| March 28, 1979 | Three Mile Island disaster |
| EqD received by population as a result of TMI | .02 mSv (2mrem) |
| Quantity of Iodine-131 that escaped TMI | 15 Curies |
| April 26, 1986 | Chernobyl disaster |
| more than 200 people received a whole body dose of ___ during Chernobyl disaster | 1 Sv (100 rem) |
| 24 workers died in Chernobyl disaster by receiving doses greater than ___? | 4 Sv (400 rem) |
| There was over ____ times the amount of radioactive material released at Chernobyl as compared to TMI | 1 million |
| Why do smokers exposed to high levels of radon face a higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers? | radioactivity in lead-210 & polonium-210 contained in tobacco & tobacco smoke. |
| Bone Marrow Dose from Skull X-ray | 10 mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from C-Spine series | 20 mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from from CXR | 2mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from Stomach/ UGI | 100 mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from L-Spine series | 60 mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from from IVU | 25mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from Abdomen | 30 mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from Pelvis | 20 mrad |
| Bone Marrow Dose from from Extremity exams | 2 mrad |
| Typical Gonadal Dose from skull series, C-spine, dental, CXR, extremity | <1mrad (male & female) |
| Typical Gonadal Dose from L-spine series | 175 mrad male, 400 mrad female |
| Typical Gonadal Dose from IVU | 150 mrad male, 300 mrad female |
| Typical Gonadal Dose from abdomen | 100 mrad male, 200 mrad female |
| Typical Gonadal Dose from Pelvis | 300 mrad male, 150 mrad female |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for PA CXR | 10-25mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for LAT Skull | 105-240mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for for AP Abdomen | 375-700mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for Retrograde Pyelogram | 475-830mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for AP C-Spine | 35-165mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for for AP T-Spine | 295-485mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for Extremity | 10-330mR |
| Permissible Skin Entrance Exposure for Dental | 230-425mR |
| 1986 EfD from Radon | 55% - 198mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Cosmic Rays | 8% - 29mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Terrestrial Radiation | 8% - 29mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Internal Radiation | 11% - 39mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Medical X-rays | 11% - 39mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Nuclear Medicine | 4% - 14mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Consumer Products | 3% - 10mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Other sources | <1% - 2mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Manmade sources | 18% - 65mrem |
| 1986 EfD from Natural sources | 82% - 295mrem |
| 1986 total annual EfD | 360 mrem |
| 2006 EfD from Radon & Thoron | 37% |
| 2006 EfD from Space | 5% |
| 2006 EfD from Internal Radiation | 5% |
| 2006 EfD from Terrestrial Radiation | 5% |
| 2006 EfD from CT | 24% |
| 2006 EfD from Nuclear Medicine | 12% |
| 2006 EfD from Interventional Fluoroscopy | 7% |
| 2006 EfD from conventional Radiography/fluoroscopy | 5% |
| 2006 EfD from consumer products | 2% |
| 2006 EfD from occupational & industrial uses | <.1% each |
| 2006 total annual EfD | 6.25 mSv |
| 2006 EfD from medical uses | 48% |
| 2006 EfD from from background | 50% |
| Flight on a typical commercial airliner results in what EqD/hr | .005 - .01mSv/hr (.5-1mrem/hr) |
Created by:
jen.studer
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