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Clinical T's
Terms, tests and treatments
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ICD-11 | The global standard for diagnosing and coding health information including mental and physical disorders. |
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia | A symptom that is an added on or a distortion of a normal experience, example persistent hallucinations. |
| Negative symptoms of schizophrenia | A symptom that occurs when level of functioning falls below normal levels, example flattened affect. |
| Delusions | An individual holds these beliefs which are not based on reality, e.g. falsely believing that someone is going to harm them. |
| Persecutory delusion | The type of delusion where an individual believes they are in danger or in harm. |
| Grandiose delusion | The type of delusion where an individual believes they are someone with special abilities or powers. |
| Delusion of reference | The type of delusion where an individual believes that the environment and events happening are specifically related to them. |
| Hallucinations | Sensory experiences such as hearing things that aren't there, seeing things that aren't there (voices, people, etc). |
| Flatted affect | The reduction or absense of an expression of feelings and emotions externally (such as facial). |
| Thought disorder | The inability to think and therefore speak in an organised manner. |
| Avolition | The inability to have motivation or interest in goal-related behaviour. |
| Catatonia | The inability to move or speak normally. |
| Persecutory ideation | The belief that people want to hurt you, despite any evidence or proof to back that thought up. |
| Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) | a 53 item self-report measure designed tp assess 9 symptom dimensions over the last seven days. |
| Family studies | A type of study investigating whether biological relatives of those with a disorder are more likely to be similarly affected |
| Twin studies | A type of study comparing sets of twins to analyse similarities and differences which could include concordance rates for DZ and MZ sets. |
| Adoption studies | A type of study looking at the similarities between adopted individuals and their biological parents as a way of investigating the differing influences of biology. |
| Monozygotic twins (MZ) | Identical twins who share 100% of their DNA with each other. |
| Dizygotic twins (DZ) | Non-identical (fraternal) twins who share approximately 50% of their DNA with each other. |
| Concordance rates | The presence of a particular observable trait or disorder in both individuals between family members and within a set of twins, such as the likelihood that one twin will have schizophrenia if the other twin has schizophrenia |
| Typical antipsychotics | Antipsychotics developed in the 1950s to reduce the effect of dopamine in order to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia. |
| Atypical antipsychotics | Antipsychotics developed in the 1990s that affect dopamine levels in order to reduce both positive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. |
| Side effects of antipsychotics | These are the consequences of taking a medication, other than the intended cause. (For example, dizziness and sedation, dry mouth, etc.) |
| Electro-convulsive therapy for schizophrenia | A biological treatment that was used in the 1900s to alleviate schizophrenia symptoms with the use of electricity to induce seizures. |
| Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia | A psychological treatment used to treat mental disorders that incorporates both cognitive and behaviourist approaches, talking with a therapist to recognise the behaviours done by schizophrenic patients. |
| Manic episode | Showing an extreme mood for at least one week, often including feelings of euphoria, high levels of activity and feelings of increased energy (which may come with feelings of irritability as well). They often show rapid speech and impulsivity |
| Mixed episode | Showing rapid alternations between manic and depressive states on most days during a 2-week period |
| Depressive episode | Showing a depressed mood for at least two weeks, including such symptoms as lack of interest in usual activities, changes to sleep and appetite, feelings of worthlessness and guilt |
| Hypomanic episode | This is a less extreme version of the manic episode, often involving several days of elevated mood or irritability, increased activity and energy levels that are different to the individual's norm. |
| Beck's Depressioin Inventory (BDI) | A measure of depressive symptoms, which contains 21 statements that the patient has a 4-point scale to choose from. These cover topics like self-dislike, crying, loss of interest etc. It gives a score out of 63 |
| Polymorphisms | In the context of the Oruc study, this term refers to the different types of genes that a participant could have, i.e. they may have different polymorphisms on the serotonin transporter gene that affects their serotonin transmission |
| Schemas | These are mental models we have of the world around us, which help to speed up processing (since we map our expectations onto the world rather than perceiving everything from scratch) but can lead to negative expectations |
| Tricyclics (antidepressants) | a group of anti-depressants that increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. |
| MAOIs (antidepressants) | Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors stops the enzyme, monoamine oxidase from breaking down and removing serotonin, dopamine and morepinephrine. |
| SSRIs (antidepressants) | Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors stops the serotonin from being reabsorbed and broken down once it has crossed the synapse |
| Side effects of antidepressants | nausea, vomiting, weight gain, drowsiness, blurred vision, headaches, insomnia, diarrhea, constipation, withdrawal, high blood pressure etc. |
| Beck's cognitive restructuring to treat mood disorders | A therapy that aims to change the person's cognitive restructuring and the way they think about their environment. |
| Ellis' rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) | changing thoughts through 'disputing', it involves questioning irrational beliefs to reformulate dysfunctional beliefs. |
| Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale (KSAS) | 11 item self report scale used to assess stealing related impulses, thought, feelings and behaviours. higher scores indicate greater symptom severity |
| Opiate antagonists | it blocks the brain's reward system, reducing the pleasurable effects of the compulsive behaviours |
| Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Pathological Gambling (PG-YBOCS) | a scale to assess gambling severity by assessing symptoms over the past seven day in terms of gambling urges, thoughts and behaviours. |
| Covert sensitisation | an unpleasant stimulus such as nausea is paired with an undesirable behaviour like stealing |
| Imaginal desensitisation | they imagine themselves engaging in the impulsive behaviour then mentally leave the situation. |
| Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) | A Questionnaire that consists of 7 items that measures the severity of anxiety. Scores range from 0-21 , with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety. |
| Blood Injection Phobia Inventory (BIPI) | Is a self-repot measure that lists 18 possible situations involving blood and injections. They are then rated on a scale of 0-3 on the frequency of each symptom. |
| Systematic desensitisation for fear-related disorders | A therapy that that gradually reduces fear by exposing individuals to the feared stimulus in a controlled way while teaching relaxation techniques. |
| CBT for anxiety and fear-related disorders | A thearpy that helps individuals identify and challenge irrational fears, replace them with realistic thoughts, and gradually face feared situations to reduce anxiety. |
| Applied tension focusing on treating blood - injection - injury phobia | A technique where individuals tense their muscles to prevent fainting caused by a drop in blood pressure when exposed to blood or injections. |
| Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) | A 30-item True/False questionnaire used to measure OCD symptoms. Gives a score out of 30 and covers sub-scales, including checking, cleaning, slowness and doubting |
| Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) | A semi-structured interview technique used to measure OCD, which includes a checklist of 67 items. It includes subcategories such as aggressive obsessions, sexual obsessions, contamination obsessions and more |
| SSRIs to treat OCD | These drugs alleviate symptoms by stopping serotonin from being reabsorbed back into the neuron they came from, so they can be transmitted to help inhibit their obsessions and compulsions. Soomro found them to be effective across 17 studies |
| Exposure and response prevention (ERP) for OCD | A type of CBT in which the patient is encouraged to carry out an action that normally elicits a compulsion (e.g. touching a door handle) and then coached into being able to avoid acting compulsively. |
| CBT to treat OCD | The therapist will help the patient to identify the triggers of their obsessions and compulsions, and then dispute the irrational beliefs attached to it (e.g. no, your family will not all die if you fail to wash your hands), to develop rational beliefs |
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MrSamBlakeley
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