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Clinical Studies
Includes key studies and example studies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aneja et al (2018) | Three case studies of individuals who developed early-onset schizophrenia. The first core study was about a boy who had been hearing voices from the age of 12 and continued to gain symptoms as his age increased. |
| Freeman et al (2003) summary | The use of virtual reality to investigate persecutory ideation with participants who had no history of mental illnesses. |
| Freeman et al (2003) context | Virtual reality was to be used in psychology, therefore it was used by them to assess persecutory ideation. |
| Freeman et al (2003) aim | To investigate whether individuals without a history of mental illnesses have thoughts of persecutory ideation in virtual reality. |
| Freeman et al (2003) aim | 12 male and 12 female participants, students or staff from University College London who had no history of mental illness, recruited through volunteer sampling. |
| Freeman et al (2003) procedure | Participants were first trained to use the VR equipment, and entered a library scene for 5 minutes and were trying to see what the people may think of the participant, which they then measured through the BSI and questionnaires. |
| Freeman et al (2003) results | Significant correlation between the questionnaire and interview based score. Participants had some ideas of persecution. The high levels of interpersonal sensitivity and anxiety were correlated with higher levels of persecutory ideation. |
| Freeman et al (2003) conclusions | People are more likely to show persecutory ideation if they have high levels of anxiety or interpersonal sensitivity. |
| Freeman et al (2003) strengths | No gender bias due to equal male and female participants, ethical as they gave consent & had right to withdraw. |
| Freeman et al (2003) limitations | Might not be applicable to daily life as it is a virtual setting which could have confounding variables, self-report bias due to self-report questionnaires |
| Gottesman (1991) | This study found the likelihood of developing schizophrenia with the different types of relatives, such as with general population it is 1%, whereas with identical twins it is 48%. |
| Tienari et al (2000) | This study found schizophrenia with 6.7% of adoptees with a biological mother with schizophrenia suggesting that there is a genetic influence. |
| Post-mortem studies to support dopamine hypothesis | The examination of a person's brain after they have died, to investigate abnormalities that can explain symptoms they experienced when they were alive. |
| PET scans to support dopamine hypothesis | This is a technique that uses gamma cameras to detect radioactive tracers, such as glucose, that is injected into the blood. This tracer accumulates in areas of high activities in the brain causing a clear view for analysis. |
| Sensky et al (2000) | An example study that carried out a randomised control trial to compare the effectiveness of CBT on schizophrenia with 90 patients aged 16-60 years. |
| Oruc et al (1997) summary | The study examined bipolar I patients, analysizing a serotonin gene to identify gentic links. The study found no overall gentic link to bipolar diorder, but women with bipolar had more serotonin gene polymorphisms, suggesting a female-specfic risk. |
| Oruc et al (1997) context | Bipolar disorder is linked to genetics, nuerotrasmitter imbalances, and psychological triggers like truma or sleep distrubences. |
| Oruc et al (1997) aim | The aim is to nvestigate wheter the genes encoding for certain serotonin receptors and serotonin transportes could be involved in susceptability to bipolar disorder. |
| Oruc et al (1997) sample | 42 bipolar I patients (25 fmales, 17 males, aged 31-70) from Croatian hospitals , with 16 having first-degree relative with a major affectiv disorder. A control group of 40 had no psychiatric history. |
| Oruc et al (1997) procedure | Particapnts psychiatric history was confirmed, DNA testing analysed serotonin gene polymorphisims, and results were comapred between bipolar patients and controls. |
| Oruc et al (1997) results | No significant gentic differences were fund between bipolar and control groups. However, women with bipolar had more serotinin gene polymorphisms than controls. |
| Oruc et al (1997) conclusions | Serotonin gene polymorphisms may increase bipolar risk in females, but no overall gentic link was found. |
| Oruc et al (1997) strengths | Used DNA analysis in a lab, reducing researcher biass and increasing validty. Helps in understanding genetic risks, adiding early screeing and intervention. |
| Oruc et al (1997) limitations | Small sample size limits genralizability. Some control particpants were young, meaning they could devlop bipolar later, making age an extraneous variable. |
| Seligman et al (1988) | They tested attributional style on patients with depressive disorders. Unipolar and Bipolar ppts had more pessimistic attributional styles compared to the control group |
| Grant et al (2008) summary | they tested the effectiveness of opiate antagonists on 284 people and found that a family history of strong gambling urges had a positive treatment response |
| Grant et al (2008) context | Kim et al (2001) found that opiate antagonists can treat pathological gambling but individual differences affect the effectiveness. |
| Grant et al (2008) aim | to find out what factors affect how well opiate antagonists work in order to treat gambling addiction. |
| Grant et al (2008) sample | 284 men and women from USA who had PG and had gambled in the last two weeks. Equal number of men and women |
| Grant et al (2008) procedure | 18 week double blind trials with independent group designs and were given either nalmefene or placebo |
| Grant et al (2008) results | 35% reduction in PG-YBOCS scores. Those with a family history of alcoholism showed better results |
| Grant et al (2008) conclusions | family history of alcoholism and strong gambling urges may predict better response to opiate antagonists |
| Grant et al (2008) strengths | no bias, objective data collection (PG-YBOCS), real world application |
| Grant et al (2008) limitations | ethical concerns about placebo deception |
| Glover (1985) | they tested covert desensitisation on a 56 year old woman with a 14 year history of shoplifting. At the 19th month check-up, she reported a decresed desire of stealing. |
| Blaszczynski and Nower (2003) | they tested imaginal desensitisation on clients with impulse control issues. It improved the ability to resist impulses even after five years. |
| Mas et al (2010) | Tested the BIPI for reliability and concurrent validity, and found that it was a good measure of blood injection phobia, as well as a useful therapeutic tool for tracking progress in treatment |
| Ost (1992) | Investigated the origins of phobias and found that blood phobia had a strong genetic link, as many individuals with the phobia had close relatives with the same fear, suggesting an inherited vulnerability. |
| Watson & Rayner (1920) 'Little Albert' | A study demonstrating classical conditioning, where a white rat (neutral stimulus) was paired with a loud noise, leading to a learned fear response that generalized to similar objects. |
| Freud (1909) 'Little Hans' | A case study of a 5-year-old boy with a horse phobia, which Freud explained as displaced fear from his father due to the Oedipus complex, supporting his psychodynamic theory. |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) summary | Treated BII phobia using CBT and applied muscle tension. A 42-year-old male showed significant improvement, with no phobic symptoms at a 12-month follow-up. The study supports CBT’s effectiveness but lacks generalisability. |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) context | CBT is effective for treating phobias, but BII phobia requires applied muscle tension to prevent fainting. This study tested if CBT and muscle tension could successfully treat BII phobia. |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) aim | Investigate if CBT & applied muscle tension can treat Blood-Injection-Injury (BII) phobia |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) sample | A 42-year-old male diagnosed with BII phobia and a history of anxiety and family-related traumatic experiences. He also had major depressive disorder (in remission). |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) procedure | The study used interviews and self-report measures to assess a 42-year-old male with BII phobia before he underwent nine CBT sessions, including fear hierarchy exposure and applied muscle tension. His anxiety decreased, and follow-ups to 12 months |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) findings | The participant's anxiety decreased, he no longer fainted during medical procedures, and follow-ups confirmed long-term improvement. |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) conclusions | CBT and applied muscle tension effectively treated BII phobia, reducing anxiety and preventing fainting with long-term success. |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) strengths | Provides rich, detailed data through a case study, uses both qualitative and quantitative measures, and demonstrates long-term effectiveness of CBT and applied muscle tension. |
| Chapman & DeLapp (2013) limitations | Lacks generalisability due to a single participant, relies on self-report measures, and cannot be replicated for reliability. |
| Rapoport (1989) 'Charles' | A case study of a 12 year old boy with OCD. His main compulsion was to clean his hands for several hours per day, even leading to him having to quit school. Drug treatment was effective until he developed a tolerance for it after a year. |
| Lehmkuhl et al (2008) | Case study of Jason, an autistic patient diagnosed with OCD. Through exposure and response prevention over 16 weeks, his Y-BOCS score dropped from 18 to just 3. |
| Lovell et al (2006) summary | They assigned 72 OCD patients to either face:face CBT or CBT over the phone, and found that telephone-delivered CBT can be an effective treatment for OCD. |
| Lovell et al (2006) context | CBT had previously been found to be an effective treatment for OCD, but it is expensive and time-consuming, with long waiting lists. |
| Lovell et al (2006) aim | To test whether telephone-delivered CBT could be just as effective as face:face when treating OCD |
| Lovell et al (2006) sample | 72 OCD patients from the UK, all of whom had a Y-BOCS score over 16 and did not have substance abuse or a mood disorder. |
| Lovell et al (2006) procedure | OCD patients were tested using the Y-BOCS by 'blind' assessors. They tend underwent CBT treatment, half of them face:face and half of them over the phone (randomly allocated). Their Y-BOCS was reassessed at 1, 3, and 6-month follow ups |
| Lovell et al (2006) results | Both forms of CBT (phone or face:face) were significantly effective at reducing OCD. Phone CBT reduced Y-BOCS score by 2+ standard deviations in 77% of cases, and face:face reduced it in 67% of cases |
| Lovell et al (2006) conclusions | Telephone-delivered CBT is at least as effective at reducing OCD, and led to equal levels of patient satisfaction |
| Lovell et al (2006) strengths | Control variables (such as blind assessors); random allocation of patients to phone or face:face; quantitative data testing |
| Lovell et al (2006) limitations | Possible participant variables (due to random allocation); hard to control all variables over 6 months; only done in the UK |
Created by:
MrSamBlakeley
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