Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Phys. Geo. Exam II
Chapters 5-9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does “polar” mean, with respect to water molecules? | Positive and negative side |
| What property of water causes it to form droplets as it rains? | Cohesion |
| Of these, what property of water makes it the "universal solvent"? a. specific heat b. polarity c. cohesion d. adhesion e. transparency | b. polarity |
| What is the difference between weathering and erosion? | Weathering describes how rocks breakdown into smaller pieces, while erosion is the physical removal of those pieces to another location. |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of chemical weathering? a. oxidation b. dissolution c. hydrolysis d. soil formation e. exfoliation | e. exfoliation |
| Which of these is NOT a component of soil? a. weathered rock b. water c. air d. eroded rock e. organic matter (humus) | d. eroded rock |
| How do chemical and mechanical weathering work together to create sediment? | Mechanical weathering creates surfaces for chemical weathering to take place |
| Which of the following is a biochemical sedimentary rock? a. banded iron formation b. shale c. coal d. coquina e. fossiliferous sandstone | d. coquina |
| What is the most likely cause of a detrital sediment with highly rounded grains? | Longer distance transported |
| Detrital sedimentary rocks are defined and names based mainly on their _____, while chemical sedimentary rocks are defines mainly on their _____. | grain size; composition |
| Which sedimentary rock is made of silt and/or clay and splits easily into layers? a. mudstone b. micrite c. sandstone d. limestone e. shale | e. shale |
| Which of these can indicate a paleocurrent and show the direction water has flowed in the past? a. graded bedding b. fissile shale c. mudcracks d. Symmetrical ripple marks e. asymmetrical ripple marks | e. asymmetrical ripple marks |
| Which of these indicate changing water conditions, from wet to dry? a. ripple marks b. mudcracks c. sole marks d. raindrop impressions e. geopetal structures | b. mudcracks |
| Which of these forms from a slower speed of flow? a. upper plane bed b. dunes c. chutes and pools d. ripples e. antidunes | d. ripples |
| Which of the following depositional environments has the least water? a. lacustrine b. aeolian c. alluvial d. shoreface e. littoral | b. aeolian |
| Which of the following depositional environments is most likely to be at the lowest elevation? a. aeolian b. glacial c. fluvial d. paludal e. alluvial | d. paludal (swamp) |
| Which of the following depositional environments is least likely to form fine-grained mud? a. abyssal b. lagoonal c. glacial d. lacustrine | c. glacial |
| A stratum w/ a mix of sandstone and conglomerate sedimentary rocks with ripple marks, cross beds, &/or fresh-water microfossils likely formed in which depositional environment? a. lagoonal b. alluvial c. upper shoreface d. fluvial e. lower shoreface | d. fluvial (rivers) |
| Facies ties the classification of sedimentary rocks to the environment in which they formed. Which is the typical facies distr. along a shoreline? Beach and shore - near and off | Beach (sand), nearshore (mud), offshore (limes) |
| In middle Cambrian strata of Grand Canyon & surrounding regions facies interpretation shows that relative to modern directions, ancient Cambrian ocean transgressed how? | Northwest to southeast |
| Soils make which essential element accessible to life? a. hydrogen b. calcium c. carbon d. nitrogen e. phosphorus | d. nitrogen |
| What do chemical and detrital sedimentary rocks have in common? | Both involved water in their formation |
| Which property of water is most involved in chemical weathering? a. cohesion b. universal solvent c. less dense when solid d. high boiling point e. adhesion | b. universal solvent |
| What story does a sedimentary rock tell you? | Ideas about ancient landscapes |
| What is the correct order of grain sizes from SMALLEST to LARGEST for clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks? pebble, silt, boulder, cobble, sand, clay | clay, silt, sand, pebble, cobble, boulder |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the process of diagenesis and lithification of sediment into sedimentary rock? a. cementation b. melting c. crystallization d. deposition e. compaction | b. melting |
| What mainly causes agents of transport, like wind or water, to deposit sediment? | Decreased transportation speed |
| What is the most important thing that all sedimentary rocks can tell you, specifically regarding depositional environments? | Ideas about ancient landscapes |
| Imagine a new and previously unknown sedimentary structure us discovered in the deposit of sedimentary rock. What would be the best approach to try and understand it? | Find a similar structure in a modern environment |
| What makes shale different than mudstone? | Thinly bedded (fissile) |
| What is the result of differential stress (pressure) on rocks? | Causes mineral crystals to align parallel to each other |
| At what temperature will metamorphism begin? | 200 degrees celsius |
| What are the three agents of metamorphism? | Temperature , pressure, and chemically active fluids |
| Heat promotes recrystallization by ___________ | increasing atomic vibration |
| Chemically reactive fluids react with ______ to grow new minerals. | minerals in the protolith |
| Which of these has the largest mica grains? a. phyllite b. marble c. shale d. schist e. slate | d. schist |
| The protolith of slate is _____ | Shale |
| Distinct banding of light and dark minerals is described as a _____ texture. | gneissic |
| What is the protolith of marble? | limestone |
| Which metamorphic texture describes minerals oriented flat and parallel to each other so as to make sheets or planes in the rock? a. stratified b. nonfoliated c. foliated d. laminated e. lineated | c. foliated |
| How can the metamorphic rock quartzite be distinguished from its protolith sandstone? | Quartzite breaks across the grains |
| What is polymorphism among minerals? | Minerals that have the same chemical formula but different crystal structures |
| Metamorphic index minerals are an indicator of _____ | the specific pressures and temperature experiences by the rock |
| Which sequence list shows metamorphic rocks from low-grade to high-grade? a. gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate b. phyllite, slate, schist, gneiss c. slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss d. shist, slate, gneiss, phyllite e. slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist | c. slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss |
| The core of a mtn range that formed during regional metamorphism would contain up to a ____ metamorphic facies | high-grade |
| when magma intrudes pre-existing country rock, the rock will be cooked by the magma. This metamorphic process is called ____ | contact metamorphism |
| Metamorphic facies are characterized by rock properties or assemblages (groups) of index minerals. What metamorphic facies is associated with subduction zones? | blueschist |
| The Barrovian sequence outlines by George Barrow in the late 1800s shows what? | the sequence of index minerals and metamorphic facies representing increasing metamorphic grade in regional metamorphism |
| How does stress differ from strain? | Stress is applied force; strain is the resulting deformation |
| What is tektite? | Glass particles ejected during an impact event |
| What does a phase diagram show? | pressure and temperature ranges at which mineral phases are stable |
| What is the difference between heat and temperature? | Heat is thermal energy; temperature is vibrational (kinetic) energy of atoms |
| How can you easily distinguished quartzite and marble using only what you normally carry with you on a hike? | Rub them together; quartzite will scratch marble |
| If you find a rock with distinct foliation, how has this rock metamorphized? | Under directed stress |
| How does burial metamorphism occur? | Sediments are buried in deep deposited basins where heat causes diagenesis to extend to changes in minerals |
| What is metamorphism? | Previously existing rock changes in composition and texture |
| What is the protolith of marble? | Limestone |
| Index minerals are ______ | Minerals that only form at certain ranges of temperature and pressure |
| Which stratigraphic principles states that sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers perpendicular to the direction of gravity? | Original horizontality |
| Which type of unconformity is usually easy to spot, since sedimentary layers were deposited on top of non-layered crystalline rock? | Nonconformity |
| Which kind of unconformity is probably the hardest to recognize among layered rocks because the rock strata above and below the erosional surface are parallel to each other? | Disconformity |
| Which stratigraphic principle states that the sedimentary layer that is on the bottom should be the oldest? | Superposition |
| Samarium-147 decays to neodymium-143 in one step. Which decay process occurred to produce this result? | alpha |
| Which mineral among those listed is most commonly used for dating very old rocks? a. amphibole b. Olivine c. zircon d. diamond e. quartz | c. zircon |
| What best describes half life? | Time for half of a radioactive isotope to decay |
| What materials were used to determine the age of the Earth? | Meteorites |
| What is a trace fossil? | Any evidence of past life other than the organism itself |
| Why are fossils so uncommon in rocks older than Cambrian? | Hard parts had not developed yet |
| Darwin’s explanation of Evolution as the origin of species proposed what as a mechanism? | Natural selection |
| What are the characteristics of an index fossil? | Widespread geographically, chronologically limited |
| Which of these divisions of geologic time is the longest? a. eon b. period c. epoch d. age e. era | a. eon |
| Which of the following is the best way of correlating sedimentary rocks over wide distances even intercontinentally? a. index fossils and fossil assemblages b. rock descriptions c. radiometric age d. topographic expression e. magmatic characteristics | a. index fossils and fossil assemblages |
| What is correlation? | Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions |
| The Precambrian represents what fraction of earth history? | 88% |
| Why is the mineral zircon good for absolute dating? | It contains uranium, is durable and inert, and is common in igneous rocks |
| Sedimentary strata deposited on top of metamorphic rocks creates a contact known as _________________? | a non-conformity |
| What stratigraphic principle is most directly used to determine relative age among different kinds of geologic events that affected an area? | Cross cutting relationships |
| Which of these would likely produce the most reliable absolute age of its formation from radiometric dating techniques? a. low-grade metamorphic rock b. igneous rock c. sedimentary rock d. sediments e. high-grade metamorphic rock | Igneous rock |
| Of these that may be present in a sequence of sedimentary strata, which material would give the LEAST accurate absolute age date for deposition of the sequence? a. volcanic tuffs & other pyroclastic material b. dikes & sills c. lava flows d. fossils | d. fossils |
| A rock stratum is tilted noticeably from horizontal. What is the most reasonable conclusion you can draw? | A tectonic event has occurred in the area since deposition of the stratum |
| When mineral formed, 100% of unstable radiometric parent material & 0% of stable daughter material. Sample mineral is tested in lab & only 25% of parent radiometric isotope still remain. If half-life of radioactive material is 100 my, how old is mineral? | 200 million years |
| The passage of time represented by the Geologic Time Scale is continuous. What do we call it when rocks that could represent some geologic activity in an area are missing in that area? | unconformity |
| Regarding the Moon’s formation, which is evidence for the Giant Impact Hypothesis? | Similar compositions, tidal lock, higher density of Earth |
| What contributed to the heat that made the Earth molten at the beginning of its creation? | Radioactivity; impacts; gravitational compression |
| In the solar system, the abundance of surface water characterizes the Earth. Which of the following is not considered as a possible source of Earth's surface water? | The Moon |
| What are leading hypotheses for the formation of life on Earth? | Lightning, comets, hydrothermal vents |
| Where is most of the evidence for the Late Heavy Bombardment found? | The Moon |
| In comparison with other parts of the Earth’s crust, cratons are known for their ______. | Very old age |
| What tectonic process happened toward the end of the Proterozoic, which may have helped evolutionary advancements right after that time period? | Breakup of Rodinia |
| What important event marks the beginning of the Proterozoic? | Oxygenation of the planet |
| What important evolutionary step occurred in the Proterozoic? | First cell nucleus |
| The majority of the oxygen associated with the Great Oxygenation Event came from _____. | Photosynthetic bacteria |
| Which modern mountain range is associated with the formation of Pangea? | Appalachian |
| The Cambrian Explosion in the fossil record was “experimental” from an evolutionary point of view. Which of these is NOT a part of the Cambrian Explosion? | The first plants with photosynthesis evolved |
| The Paleozoic had several different tectonic settings in North America. Which of these did NOT occur in association with North America during the Paleozoic? | Rifting |
| What important evolutionary advance did NOT occur in the Paleozoic? | First mammals |
| What is the significance of the Cambrian segmented worm, Pikaia? | It may have been an ancestor to the Chordata and humans |
| Fossils in western North America from the Cretaceous are different from those in eastern North America. What caused this? | A shallow sea in central North America |
| Dinosaurs evolved into what major animal group alive today? | Birds |
| What offers the BEST evidence for the timing of Pangea’s breakup? | Atlantic ocean floor |
| What contributed to the dying out of the dinosaurs? | Meteorite impact in Mexico; volcanism in India |
| Human evolution started where? | Africa |
| What was the tectonic evolution off of the coast of western North America (specifically California) in the Cenozoic? | Convergent changed to transform |
| Which of the following is used for evidence of the Anthropocene? a. stone tools b. new subduction zones detected c. world war innovations d. new materials, extinctions, pollution, environmental changes | d. new materials, extinctions, pollution, environmental changes |
| Why are rocky planets smaller than gas giant planets? | There was less rock and metal than gas in the nebula that formed the solar system |
| What is the main evidence for the Big Bang Theory? | Redshift in galaxies and cosmic background radiation |
| Which event most likely occurred first? a. continents formed b. dense materials sank to form the core c. plate tectonics started d. oxygen started to accumulate in the atmosphere e. the first crust was formed | Dense material sank to form the core |
| What is unique about the Late Heavy Bombardment? | It was a series of impacts that occurred well after the planets formed and may have bought a significant amount of water to Earth's surface |
| What age are most of the Earth’s cratons? | Archean |
| Why are older rocks from the Archean and Proterozoic harder to determine an age and history? | Rarity of fossils; destruction of ancient rocks by erosion and plate tectonics |
| Photosynthesis is responsible for which climate event? | An ice age in the Carboniferous, as plants became so productive they drew down carbon dioxide |
| What evidence found on Earth supports the Giant Impact Hypothesis? | High density of Earth |
| Western North America has been tectonically active hundreds of millions of years. When was the last time Eastern North America was active? | When Pangea broke up |
| What is the name of the time period known for the first hard parts, a huge evolutionary explosion of diversification, and the first chordates? | Cambrian |
| What is the resulting strain produced by tensional stress on a rock? | Lengthening and thinning of the rock |
| If you crush a soda can, what type of stress are you applying? | Compression |
| Shear stresses are most common along which type of plate boundary? | Transform |
| If stress is the force applied to a rock, then strain is ______. | the deformation of the rock that results |
| What is the principal type of stress that is applied to crustal rocks at the mid-ocean ridge? | Tension |
| How will a rock respond if it is subjected to high heat and pressure? | Bend |
| If you snap a “green” stick (freshly removed from a tree) into two pieces, it will first undergo __________ deformation, then __________ deformation. | Elastic; Brittle |
| What is the resulting strain in ductile deformation? | permanent change in shape |
| If a rock layer has a dip of 90 degrees, how is that rock layer oriented relative to a horizontal plane? | Vertical (perpendicular to level ground) |
| What does the strike and dip of a rock represent? | Dip is the angle of greatest inclination down from horizontal and strike is the angle from true north or true south of a horizontal line on the stratum. |
| Geologists define a geological formation as ______________________? | A recognizable, mappable rock unit |
| The State of Michigan is largely occupied by the Michigan Basin, a structural basin between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron that contains Cambrian through Pennsylvanian strata. Where are the Pennsylvanian rocks located? | In the center of the state |
| When viewing folds on a map, which fold type has the oldest rock beds on the flanks, away from its axis, with the youngest beds in the middle by the axis? | Syncline |
| Folds (anticlines and synclines) are produced by______. | Tectonic compression |
| Which type of fold would be the most likely to trap oil and gas at its axis? (Oil and gas rise and float on groundwater.) | Anticline |
| In which type of fault does the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall? | Normal |
| Which fault type is the result of compression? | Reverse/thrust |
| Which fault type would be most prominent at a transform plate boundary? | Strike-slip |
| What is the focus of an earthquake? | Where the actual rupture of rock occurs in the subsurface producing the earthquake |
| Which seismic wave type travels the fastest? | P |
| Which seismic wave type is most damaging? | Love |
| Which of these scales is a qualitative measure of seismic shaking? | Mercalli Scale |
| How do we determine the location of an earthquake? | Triangulation |
| An increase of one on the Richter scale is equivalent to an increase in actual ENERGY released of ________? | 32 |
| When an earthquake occurs in a horst-graben situation, where is seismic shaking greatest? | in the poorly consolidated sediments of the valleys (grabens) |
| Which building type is most likely to collapse in an earthquake? | Unreinforced masonry |
| What is required for liquefaction to occur in an earthquake? | saturated unconsolidated sediment |
| Where was the largest earthquake ever recorded? | 1960 Valdivia Chile |
| What does the series of horsts and grabens from the Wasatch Mountains of Utah to the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Nevada tell us about the dominant stress being applied to the crust of the region? | The normal faults producing the horst/graben structures tell us it is tension |
| Which earthquake killed over 200,000 people as a result of the subsequent tsunami? | 2004 Indian Ocean |
| Greater seismic intensity occurs with constructive interference. This is a result of _____________? | Multiple seismic waves combining in sync with each other |
| Shear stress applied to crustal rocks results in what kind of strain? | tearing (strike-slip faulting) |
| What is the difference between a joint and a fault? | A fault is a fracture with movement; a joint is a fracture with no movement. |
| Increasing rock strength results in what type of strain? | brittle |
| Which of these faults is caused by strong compressional forces? a. normal b. abnormal c. reverse/thrust d. detachment e. strike/slip | c. reverse/thrust |
| What are geologic cross sections designed to show? | Subsurface structural interpretations from surface and subsurface measurements |
| Where on earth are strike-slip faults most common? | Fracture zones adjacent to midocean ridges |
| Geologists define geologic formations as: | Recognizable, mappable rock units |
| On a map of an anticline, where are the oldest rocks? | near the axis of the fold |
| The ____________ point is when permanent deformation is measurable. | Yield |
Created by:
phebe
Popular Physical Science sets