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Groups
Social Psychology Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are groups? | from a sociological perspective there's a loose definition. but it is a collection of people who because of sustained interaction have evolved a common structure and culture |
| what are not groups? | social categories and aggregates (a crowd) |
| what is a social category? | any number of people who occupy the same status as you |
| what is a aggregate (crowd) | a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time |
| what are characteristics of groups? | membership, interactions, goals and norms |
| what are roles in groups? | instrumental leader/ task specialist and expressive leader/ socio emotional specialist |
| what is the instrumental leader/task specialist's role? | the person who helps the group achieve their goals |
| what is the expressive leader/socio emotional specialist's role? | the person who deals with the emotions of the group and keeps the group harmonious |
| what are group dynamics? | refers to how the group works/ group size |
| what are primary groups? | a small group such as your friends. interactions are based on whole individual (whole personality) |
| what are secondary groups? | a large group such as a classroom. interactions are based on statuses and role expectations they have |
| what is diffusion of responsibility? | the larger the group is the less responsibility any one ever feels for the actions of the group. (bystander effect in psych) |
| kitty genevese example of diffusion of responsibility | shes walking through an alleyway and gets stabbed. people see this happen and dont call the police bc they thought someone surely must have called. |
| what is deindividuation? | when people abandon normal restraints, lose their sense of individual identity and become responsive to group or crowd norms |
| what influences deindivduation? | group / crowd size, physical anonymity, arousing/distracting activities, diminished self-awareness |
| what is social facilitation? | a strengthening of performance in the presence of others on easy tasks (and a disabling effect on performance of difficult tasks) |
| what causes arousal? | evaluation apprehension, distraction and mere presence |
| what is evaluation apprehension? | concern for how others are evaluating us |
| what is social loafing? | the tendency for people to exert less effort when the pool their efforts towards a common goal |
| why does social loafing happen? | diffusion of responsibility, free-rider effect, sucker effect |
| what is the free-rider effect? | if we feel like our contribution is not essential, but we can still benefit from the group |
| what is the sucker effect? | willing to do your share but not more than that |
| what can reduce social loafing? | smaller group size, individual performance, challenging task, task is divisible, when people involved know each other |
| what is the illusion of group effectivity? | the false belief that groups can stimulate creativity |
| what is group polarization? | the tendency for group discussion to strengthen the average inclination of group members |
| what is the accentuation effect? | overtime group differences can become more accentuated due to group polarization |
| why does group polarization happen? | because of informational influence (persuasive argument theory) and normative influence (social comparison theory) |
| what is group think? | the tendency for decision making groups to suppress dissent in the interest of group harmony |
| what produces group think? | cohesiveness, isolation, directive leadership, and high stress |
| what are symptoms of groupthink? | overestimating might and right, illusion of invulnerability, belief in the inherent morality of the group, collective rationalization, and stereotypes of out-groups |
| what are the pressure towards conformity? | direct pressure on dissenters, self censorship, illusion of unanimity, self-appointed mind guards |
| how can you prevent group think? | be impartial, encourage alternative viewpoints, divide the group, allow/ encourage outside information, meet more than once. |
| what is confomity? | giving in to the pressures of the group or the group norms |
| what is Asch's line test? | During Asch's experiment, participants choose the wrong answer to keep the association with the group. The demonstration in this experiment broadens people's understanding of the large application of normative influence. |
| why do people conform in Asch's line test? | because of self-censorship, normative conformity, informational conformity, and illusion of unanimity. |
| what is the sorority study crandal 1988? | explored how social dynamics influence BE behaviors within two sororities. research found that group norms played a significant role in shaping these behaviors. In one sorority, popularity=higher levels of BE, while in the other, popularity = mild BE |
| what are the two types of conformity? | informational and normative |
| what is obedience? | giving in to a direct order from an authority figure |
| what is milgrams 1962 electrocution study? | groundbreaking investigation into obedience to authority.the experiment aimed to explore how far individuals would go in following orders, even when those orders conflicted with their moral beliefs. |
| why did people obey in milgrams? | emotional distance from victim, closeness/legitimacy of authority, institutional authority, no other defectors |
| what is deviance? | breaking a norm, a violation of a groups rules |
| what is the differential association theory? | human conduct is a product of social learning, human nature is inherently natural, deviant acts |
| what are the steps for deviant acts? | 1. individual encounters problematic situation 2. individual assess the situation 3. individual selects among the alternative deviant line of action |
| what is necessary for a person to select deviant line of action? | 1. individual has to have learned the skills and techniques necessary to commit deviant acts 2. individual has to have learned definitions favorable to deviance in excess of definitions unfavorable to deviance |
| what are the techniques for neutralization? | appeal to a higher loyalty, denial of injury, denial of victim, rejecting the rejectors, condemning condmners, denial of responsability |
Created by:
anaelc
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