Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cannabis & Caffeine
Uni of Notts, Addiction & The Brain, first year
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Marijuana | Dried, crumbled, leaves, flowers & stems. THC content varies but has increased 40mg-150mg in recent years. Burning causes vaporisation & 20% of THC is absorbed into lungs |
| Sinsemilla | Female cannabis plant, segregated to avoid pollination (no seeds means higher THC content & more smokable material). Can be administered the same ways as marijuana |
| Hashish/hash oil | Solid, pressed cannabis resin. Can have its THC concentrated into a liquid by running a solvent (such as alcohol or pressurised butane to dissolve cannabinoids & terpenes) & distilled until most solvent is gone. A single drop is added to a joint |
| Inhalation vs ingesting THC effects | Inhaling gets THC into the bloodstream almost instantly but quickly declines. Edible THC must first be decarboxylated by heat treatment & is metabolised by the liver before entering the plasma causing a longer, more intense high |
| Pharmacodynamics study: Devane et al. (1988) | fMRI scans of rats locating cannabinoid (CB1) receptors spread around the brain, specifically in the hippocampus & substantia nigra. Each area contributes a behavioural effect of cannabis |
| Pharmacodynamics study: Huestis et al. (2001) | Tested the feeling of high in human participants when consuming marijuana combined with a competitive antagonist rimonabant (SR141716) or placebo & found they still felt "high" & "stoned" |
| Endocannabinoid system (ECS) | Modulates many neurobiological functions such as pain dampening, hunger, memory of stressors etc. using localised neurotransmitter (anandamide) which is quickly broken down |
| How THC hijacks the endocannabinoid system | Since the ECS modules so many functions so precisely, some CB1 receptors are rarely activated, especially not together & always localised. THC spreads through the brain, strongly & generally activating them all causing chaos |
| Rat maze study with non-expressed CB1 receptors | These rats showed deficiencies in spatial learning & when the maze was switched around, the rats struggled to unlearn the previous conditions (lack of retroactive interference) |
| Psychological effects of THC | The buzz: tingling in extremities, feeling lightheaded & dizzy The high - disinhibition, euphoria, & exhilaration Being stoned (larger amounts of THC) - dreamlike state of unnatural calm & heaviness of limbs with mild visual & auditory distortions |
| Physiological effects of THC | Increased bloodflow to skin, analgesia, sensation of pounding pulse, increased hyperphagia (The Munchies) |
| Effects of THC on palatability | Rats eating bitter tannins were more likely to find them palatable when laced with THC |
| Curren et al. effects of oral THC on function deficits | Oral THC can impair verbal memory & motor function which makes DUI very dangerous but this varies across acute & chronic users |
| THC tolerance study Hart et al. (2001) | Cognitive tolerance to the loss of function can occur in chronic users & they learn greater verbal & motor function while under the influence unless taking a dose greater than what they're used to |
| Effects of THC on rats | Rats only experience positive effects after the first couple of doses due to the confusing & adverse effects but then build tolerance & associate it with a reward. The location it's administered becomes part of the association |
| CB1 activity in rats after repeated exposure Breigvogel et al. (1999) | Rats injected with 10mg/kg bodyweight over a week gradually decrease density & activity of CB1 receptors |
| Mixed results of tolerance & dependence studies in humans - Crompton et al. (1990) vs Kirk & De Wit (1999) | Crompton et al. found regular cannabis use (any form) led to tolerance but Kirk & De Wit found the same concentration caused the same effects in occasional & chronic users |
| Withdrawal | Similar to nicotine withdrawal, directly mirrors the THC high except in reverse. At its worst in the first 2 weeks but can last a month |
| Therapy for cannabis abuse | Skinnerian CBT rewarding patients coming with THC free urine samples in order to positively reinforce abstinence. This has a very high rate of relapse & doesn't often lead to abstinence longterm |
| Mode of action of caffeine | Absorbed gastrointestinally within 30-60 minutes & is continually released into the plasma throughout the day with a half life of 4 hours. Blocks adenosine A1 & A2a receptors |
| How caffeine is removed from the body | 95% is metabolism & removed in urine while the rest is lost in faeces & saliva |
| Effect on locomotion in rats & mice | Biphasic, in small does acts as a stimulant but in large doses decreases locomotor activity |
| Low-medium dose effects in humans | <400mg. Increased alertness with decreased reaction time & tension. Significantly enhances physical endurance & muscular strength (could be a placebo though) |
| High dose effects in humans | >400mg. Many negative effects such as anxiety & jitters, great disruption to sleep (unless incredibly tolerant). In rare cases, high doses can affect fertility & potentially cause stillbirth or childhood obesity through prenatal exposure |
| Caffeine withdrawal | Each cup contains 80-100mg & 1 cup a day is enough to trigger withdrawal, mirrors effects of caffeine |
Created by:
Beech47
Popular Psychology sets