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Exam 2 - SOCY 101
Includes Topic 5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Americans' POV (vs. reality) on (a) mobility, | Perspective: "American Dream"; many believe in the idea that anyone, regardless of their background, can achieve success and upward mobility through hard work. Reality: Economic inequality, Stagnation in social class (born poor=stay poor) |
| Americans' POV (vs. reality) on (b) inequality | Perspective: Belief in Equal Opportunity (tied to "American Dream"), False Perception of Progress; Reality: Economic inequality (Top 1% hold more shares), Racial inequality (Black ppl experience higher unemployment), Gender also |
| Americans' POV (vs. reality) on (c) their own class position (Upward mobility) | Perspective: Many American believe in the "rags-to-riches" ideal--that hard work = success; Reality: Economic mobility in the U.S. is lower than most developing countries (factors: race, education, generation wealth, etc.) |
| Americans' POV (vs. reality) on (d) meritocracy | Perspective: Those at the top got there purely because they worked harder or were smarter than others; Reality: While hard work matters, luck, social networks, and inherited advantages often play a significant role. (ex. Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates) |
| Strict church membership and social cohesion/solidary | Strict churches provide substitutes for forbidden activities and increased solidary because 1) self-selection and 2) substitutes providing groups and increased dependence on said groups. |
| Social Network lingo: transitivity | Transitivity refers to the tendency of people who are connected to the same person to also be connected to each other. (If person A is friends with person B, & person B is friends with person C, then persons A & C are probably friends.) |
| Social Network lingo: structural holes | Structural Holes refer to gaps between different groups or clusters in a network where there are few or no direct connections. Key Concepts: Brokers (or bridges), Competitive advantage, and low redundancy. |
| Social Network lingo: ego networks vs. whole networks | Ego networks focus on a single individual (ego) and their direct connections (alter) (looks at personal); A whole network examines the entire structure of a social system, including all nodes and ties in a defined group. (looks at everyone) |
| Social Network lingo: Homophily | Homophily refers to the tendency of individuals to form connections with others who are similar to them. Status Homophily is based on fixed attributes like race & gender, while Value Homo. is based on shared beliefs, attitudes, & values. |
| Social Network lingo: Ego & Alter | Ego is the focal person or entity in an ego network-the individual whose connections and relationships are being studied. Alter is any person (or entity) directly connected to the ego in the network. |
| Network theory vs. theory of networks | Network theories - consequences of network structure; Theories of Networks - causes of network structure |
| Friendship paradox | "Your friends (more than likely) have more friends than you" |
| Connectionist (Tie strength, Homophily, social capital) vs. positional notions of networks (Structural equivalence, Hierarchies, Brokerage) | Connectionist focuses on the patterns of ties between individuals and emphasizes who is connected to whom; Positional focuses on pre-existing roles or structural roles that shape social relationships (ex. CEO vs. intern) |
| "Strength of weak ties" theory | "weak ties" might be "strong" in providing info, getting new and diverse ideas, exploring new hobbies, or making new friends (TPS) |
| Balance theory and "transitive ties" | Both deal with the stability of relationships in a social network, particularly in triads; Balance theory suggests that people strive for cognitive consistency in their 'ships'; Transitive ties exist when a connection forms a closed triangle |
| Different ways that scientists measure "tie strength" (and how Granovetter does in SOWT) | Frequency of Interaction, Emotional Intensity, Reciprocity (Mutuality), Duration of Relationship, Multiplexity, etc.; "Not-so-close acquaintances may connect you to worlds of new information" (Granovetter 1973) |
| Applying the four orienting perspectives in sociology to concepts related to deviance, | Deviance serves social functions (reinforces norms, fosters change); reflects power struggles and inequality; is learned and defined through social interactions; is culturally and historically relative |
| Applying the four orienting perspectives in sociology to concepts related to stratification, | Stratification ensures stability and rewards talent; benefits the powerful at the expense of others; is reinforced through daily interactions and status symbols; class distinctions are historically and culturally defined |
| Applying the four orienting perspectives in sociology to concepts related to inequality | Inequality is necessary for society to function; benefits the powerful and oppresses the weak; is reinforced through daily interactions and labels; is historically and culturally created, not inevitable |
| Distinctions between Marx’s and Weber’s perspectives about the main determinants of one’s outcomes in life | Marx: Bourgeoisie (capitalists/owners) vs. Proletariat (workers), workers often face exploitation and alienation; Weber: Multi-factor system (Class, Status, Power), believed in "life chances" for improvement (education, healthcare, career) |
| Sumner’s typology of deviance | Folkways (informal customs) exhibit Mild deviance (ex. eating w/ hands in high-end restaurant); Mores (Moral norms) exhibit serious deviance (ex. lying, adultery, racism); Laws (legal rules) exhibit criminal deviance (ex. theft, murder, fraud) |
| Whether people can accurately “detect” who will cooperate in a dilemma | TRPS structure: Temptation (you defect, they cooperate; you get 100%), Reward (You both cooperate; 50-50), Punishment (You both Defect; 0-0), Sucker (You Cooperate, they Defect; you get nothing) |
| Social rank hypothesis | More inequality → more concern about maintaining resources; resulting in one's comparison of financial status to their friends or coworkers. |
| Societal consequences of inequality | Growing Gaps Between Social classes: Average CEO salary increases while minimum wage stays stagnant, can also result in increased homicide/suicide rates, divorce rates, lack of Happiness, physical and mental health issues, etc. |
| Stereotype threat (Claude Steele & Joshua Aronson 1995) | Stereotyping can lead to discrimination, reinforce social inequalities, and shape people's self-perception in harmful ways. When people fear resembling a negative stereotype about their group, they can perform worse in a given task. |
| Broken windows theory (Zimbardo 1971) | Social context and cues can affect behavior; "People won't vandalize an abandoned car/house unless someone first breaks a window..." |
| Patterns of homicide cross-nationally | When data is dispersed by country (per capita), the U.S as a whole seems to have a much lower homicide rate than countries like El Salvador and Venezuela. This is obviously skewed to reflect a problem with Latin countries over the U.S. |
| Merton’s typology of deviance / strain theory | Anomie (aka deviance) can lead to a lack of societal consensus around (a) desired cultural goods and (b) the legitimate means people might use to obtain them.; Conformity, Innovation, Ritual, Retreat, Rebellion (outlier) |
| Labeling Theory | Perceivers [expect others with labels to act like their labels; doesn't work = relabel them] vs. Objects [internalize cultural perceptions of others about their label; ex. Klein 1986, labeling individuals as criminals to see if they become criminals] |
| Legitimacy Theory | The poor in society even believe in the basic rules governing the distribution of rewards; Why? Belief in meritocracy and difficulty seeing their own worth. Results in internalization and self-reflexive tendency. |
| Ascribed vs. Achieved Status | Ascribed class refers to the economic position in which you are born into or take on involuntarily; Achieved Class is the economic position you gain by attainment (social mobility), ability, or effort. |
| One-dimensional model of class (Marx) vs. multi-dimensional model of inequality (Weber) | Marx: society is composed of two classes (Bourgeoise and Proletariat); Weber: Strat. is based on Property (wealth, income), Power (ability to have one's own way), and Prestige (status) |
| Mobility tables and class reproduction | The top 20% actually owns most (85%) of the country's wealth (Norton & Ariely (2017); Educational inequality, Cultural capital (Bourdieu), Nepotism & Social Networks, and Economic Barriers factor heavily into Class reproduction |
| Weber’s framework for the elements of a functioning bureaucracy | 6 key features: Hierarchical Structure, Division of Labor (Specialization), Formal Rules & Regulations, Impersonality (decisions made on objective criteria not personal), Meritocracy, and Record-Keeping (Formal Documentation) |
| What corporations are... non-profit vs. for-profit corporations | Corporations are legal entities where people come together to form a business; Non-profit corporations are usually mission driven (Educational, charitable, or religious goals), while For-profit are Profit-driven (revenue for owners/investors) |
| Race/gender pay gaps, and three explanations of these gaps (human capital theory, pricing discrimination, self-selection) | White and Asian ppl make more than Black people, Men make extensively more than women, Reasons? Human Capital (skills & knowledge that allows ppl to be productive at work), Price discrimination and Self-selection into certain jobs |
| The “gospel of education” and “men and women of the corporation” (in-class examples of inequality within/between corporations) | For-profit colleges target minority and first-gen students, prioritize profit extraction and loan acquisition, but lack in training, employee benefits, and alumni support; Result: Low Grad rate, high debt, scrambled affect on POCs & women |
| Old (and disproven) explanations of deviance from biology and psychology | Biology: Skull measurement testing, Social Darwinism (to justify racism, eugenics, etc.); Psychology: There's a Neurotypical divide in the minds of Sociopaths & Psychopaths; felons will sometimes plead "Insanity" as a bypass from heavier charges |
| Punitive vs rehabilitative justice, and the types of societies in which you’d expect to see one or the other | Punitive justice is focused on making the violator suffer to define boundaries and acceptable behavior (Salem witch trials → death penalty); Rehabilitative examines the specific circumstances of a crime and try to rehab it (prison system in an example) |
| Durkheim's types of suicide (& how social integration is related) | Anomic Suicide: from breakdown of social equilibrium, Altruistic: over-integration/self-removal for good of others, Fatalistic: society's expectations too burdensome to live, Egoistic: Self-destructive (from self-isolation) |
| Organic vs. mechanical solidary | Mechanical Solidary is based on sameness of society's parts or members (i.e., rural, small societies); Organic solidary is based on interdependence of specialized parts or members (i.e., Large, urban societies). |
| Conflict Perspective of Deviance (Marx) | Dominant societal group defines deviance in service of their interests; uses power over norms to control subjugated groups |
Created by:
cmh66
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