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micro/imm exam #2
| Papillomavirus is what type of virus? | Circular DNA, Non-enveloped |
| What does the Papillomavirus cause? | Common, Flat and Angogenital Warts |
| How can you get Papillomavirus? | Through direct contact |
| 91% of cervical and anal cancers are caused by? | HPV |
| What types of HPV are high risk of malignancies? | 16 and 18 |
| Gardasil is what? | A vaccine that protects against 4 types of HPV |
| Adenoviruses is what type of virus? | Non-enveloped double stranded DNA Icosahedral viruses |
| What does adenoviruses causes? | respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, conjuntivitis |
| What population is Adenoviruses found in mostly? | school aged children |
| Respiratory tract infections caused by Adenoviruses can lead to what? | Viral pneumonia with a 10 % mortality rate in infants |
| Parvoviruses is what type virus? | Non-enveloped Single stranded linear DNA Icosahedral viruses |
| What is a cause of transient aplastic crisis and "fifth disease" erythema infectious? | Parvoviruses B19 |
| What causes slapped check syndrome? | Parvoviruses |
| What type of virus is Herpes 1 & 2? | Enveloped Icosahedral line double stranded DNA virus |
| How is Herpes 1 & 2 transmitted? | Direct contact |
| HSV-1 causes what? | Oropharyngeal infections |
| Oropharyngeal infections are what? | Cold sores or fever blisters |
| HSV-2 causes what? | Genital tract infections |
| Genital tract infections are what? | STD genital herpes |
| HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in ? | trigeminal ganglia |
| HSV-2 establishes lifelong latency in? | lumbar or sacral ganglia |
| HSV-1 and HSV-2 create what? | Latency associated transcripts |
| Latency associated transcripts suppress production of? | progeny viruses and help in reactivation of the virus |
| What is the treatment for HSV-1 and HSV-2? | Guanine analogs inhibit DNA synthesis |
| What is the medication to treat HSV-1 and HSV-2? | Acyclovir |
| What can cause reactivation of the HSV-1 and HSV-2? | Hormonal changes, Fever, Physical damage |
| What type of virus is varicella-zoster? | Enveloped icosahedral linear double stranded DNA virus |
| Varicella-zoster is a member of what family? | Herpes virus |
| Varicella-zoster causes what? | Chicken pox and shingles |
| Does an individual who has had chicken pox going to develop shingles? | has a more significant chance than a individual that hasn't |
| When do chances of reactivation occur for Varicella-zoster? | they increase with age |
| Is there a vaccine available tp prevent shingles? | yes |
| What type of virus is Human Cytomegalovirus? | Enveloped Icosahedral linear double stranded DNA virus |
| Human Cytomegalovirus is a member of that family? | herpes virus |
| When a cell is infected with Human Cytomegalovirus what happens? | They are large and multinucleate |
| Human Cytomegalovirus is the most common cause of? | intrauterine infections and birth abnormalities |
| Human Cytomegalovirus latency occurs in? | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| Epstein-Barr is what type of virus? | Enveloped linear double stranded DNA virus |
| Epstein-Barr is a member of what family? | herpes virus |
| Epstein-Barr causes what? | Infectious mononucleosis |
| Epstein-Barr also is associated with malignancies such as? | Burkitt lymphoma, malignancy in AIDS paients, nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
| Poxviruses are what type of virus ? | Linear double stranded DNA virus |
| What poxviruses is accosted with small pox? | Variola virus |
| what is the Variola virus is classified as ? | category A bioterrorism |
| What is the first virus to be declared eradicated ? | small pox |
| What type of virus is Hep-B? | Enveloped double stranded icosahedral DNA virus |
| Why is Hep-B virus unique? | because the DNA is single and double stranded |
| What do Hep-B viruses infect? | Hepatocytes( primary functional cells of the liver) |
| Hep-B is transmitted how? | through blood or bodily fluid |
| Acute infections of Hep-B are classified how? | they have a higher concentration of anti-HBsAg and HBcAg |
| Chronic infections of Hep-B are classified how? | High concentration of HBsAg and no detectable anti-HBsAg |
| Individual that have been vaccinated for Hep-B are classified how? | high concentration of anti-HBsAg, no detectable anti-HBcAg, no HBeAg, no HBsAg. |
| Hep-D is what type of virus? | Circular (-) single stranded RNA |
| Hep-D is found only when? | Confection with Hep-B |
| Hep-D betters or worsens the disease ? | worsens |
| Hep-D causes increase in what? | fatal fulminant disease increases, Chronicity increases, Cirrhosis more common, Hepatocellular carcinoma more common |
| Hep-B and Hep-D hurt what organ? | the liver |
| Coronaviruses are what type of viruses ? | Enveloped pleomorphic (+) single stranded RNA |
| Coronaviruses cause what? | Common cold, Upper respiratory infections, Severe Acute respiratory Syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, SARS CoV-2 (covid-19) |
| Enteroviruses are what type of virus? | Non enveloped icosahedral RNA (+) single stranded virus |
| Polio is a member of what family? | Enteroviruses |
| Enteroviruses are transmitted how? | fecal oral route |
| Enteroviruses is stable in what environment ? | Acid |
| Enteroviruses causes what? | CNS-flaccid paralysis, Poliomyelitis |
| Rhinoviruses are what type of virus ? | Non-enveloped (+) single stranded RNA |
| Rhinoviruses are labile in what type of environment? | Acid |
| Rhinoviruses has how many serotypes? | more than 100 |
| Rhinoviruses is transmitted how? | spread through respiratory droplets and hand to hand contact |
| Rhinoviruses causes what? | common cold and upper respiratory infection |
| Hep-A is what type of virus? | Non-enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA virus |
| Hep-A is transmitted how? | fecal oral route |
| Hep-A causes what? | Acute hepatitis and Rare chronic hepatitis |
| Is there a vaccine available for Hep-A? | yes |
| Norovirus is what type of virus? | Non-enveloped spherical (+) single stranded RNA |
| Norovirus is also know as ? | caliciviruses |
| Norovirus is transmitted how? | fecal oral route |
| Norovirus is commonly found where? | Schools, camps, military bases, prisons, cruise ships |
| Norovirus can cause what? | Epidemic acute gastroenteritis |
| Alphavirus is what type of virus ? | Enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA virus |
| Alphavirus is classified as what type of virus ? | Arboviruses |
| Arboviruses are transmitted how? | arthropods |
| Alphavirus can cause what? | acute arthropathy (chikungunya virus), Acute encephalitis (eastern and Western encephalitis) |
| What type of virus is Rubivirus? | Enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA |
| Rubivirus is transmitted how? | respiratory droplets |
| Rubella is a virus in what family? | Rubivirus |
| Rubivirus is there a vaccine available ? | yes , part of MMR |
| Rubivirus can cause what ? | German measles, damage to fetus in the 1st trimester |
| Flavivirus is a type of what virus? | Enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA |
| Flavivirus classified as what type of virus ? | arboviruses |
| Arboviruses are | a diverse group of viruses transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks |
| What viruses are Flavivirus ? | Dengue, West nile, Zika, St. Louis encephalitis, Yellow fever virus |
| Dengue fever causes what? | hemorrhagic fever |
| West Nile fever causes what? | encephalitis |
| Zika causes what? | microcephaly |
| Hep-C is what type of virus ? | Enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA virus |
| Hep-C is transmitted how? | IV drug users, patients on hemodialysis, and tattooing (sharing needles) |
| What can Hep-C cause? | hepatocarcinoma (Liver cancer) |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is what type of virus ? | Enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA retrovirus |
| Retroviruses can proofread ? | false, they use reverse transcriptase can not proof read |
| HIV predominantly binds to what receptors ? | CD4 receptor and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor. |
| HIV is transmitted how? | sexual contact, transfusions, needles and perinatal |
| HIv has a high what? | mutation rate, this means there is no vaccine |
| HIV can lead to ? | AIDS |
| Type 1 Human T-cell lymphotrophic are what type of virus ? | Enveloped icosahedral (+) single stranded RNA retrovirus |
| What type of Human T-cell lymphotrophic is associated with disease? | Type 1 |
| Type 1 Human T-cell lymphotrophic are transmitted how? | transplacental, breast milk, semen, contaminated blood products |
| Type 1 Human T-cell lymphotrophic can lead to ? | Adult T-cell leukemia, HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis |
| Rhabdovirus is what type of virus ? | Enveloped bullet shaped (-) single stranded RNA |
| How is the Rhabdovirus transmitted ? | animal bites or inhalation of bat droppings |
| What does Rhabdovirus replicate ? | brain gray matter |
| Rhabdovirus causes what ? | rabies |
| Rabies causes what ? | fatal encephalitis, and death will happen |
| Paramyxoviridae is what type of virus ? | Enveloped helical (-) single stranded RNA virus |
| what are strains of Paramyxoviridae ? | Rubulavirus, Morbillivirus,Paramyxoviruses, pneumovirus |
| Rubula virus causes what? | mumps and parotid gland inflammation |
| Morbillivirus causes what? | measles and febrile disease with macular rash |
| Paramixovirus causes what? | croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia |
| Do measles and mumps have a vaccine ? | YES |
| Pneumovirus causes what? | RSV and hMPV |
| What type of virus is Influenza ? | Eight (-) single stranded RNA segment virus |
| What type of influenza can have animal reservoirs ? | Type A |
| How is Influenza transmitted? | respiratory droplets and hand contact |
| What is the glycoprotein on the surface of the influenza virus that is used for attachment and fusion? | Hemagglutinin |
| What is the enzyme in the influenza virus thatr emoves sialic acid from glycoconjugates and facilitates release of budding virions? | Neuraminidase |
| Antigenic drift in the influenza virus is what? | minor mutations, no change in subtype |
| Antigenic shift in the influenza virus is what? | major change with change in subtype |
| A antigenic shift can potentially lead to what in the influenza virus? | reassortment (create a new strain of the virus) |
| What can change strain circulation in the influenza virus? | Antigenic shift and drift |
| what do influenza vaccine contain ? | They contain previous year predominant strains |
| What pharmaceuticals are avalible for influenza ? | neuraminidase inhibitors Ex:Tamiflu not as useful as a vaccine |
| What type of virus is Filovirus ? | (-) single stranded pleomorphic RNA virus |
| Ebola and Marburg are what family of virus? | Filovirus |
| The two Filovirus viruses that are category A agent are? | Ebola and Marburg |
| Filovirus cause what? | Hemorrhagic fever |
| What type of virus is Bunyaviruses ? | Enveloped spherical (-) single stranded RNA |
| What are the two Bunyaviruses ? | Bunyavirus and Hantavirus |
| How are most Bunyaviruses transmitted ? | They are vector borne |
| Hantavirus is trasmmited how ? | Through inhalation of rodent droppings |
| Bunyaviruses can cause ? | Hemorrhagic fevers |
| Hantavirus can cause what? | pulmonary syndrome |
| Rotavirus is what type of virus ? | Nonenveloped icosahedral DOUBLE stranded RNA virus |
| What is the most important cause of disease in the Rotavirus ? | Serogroup A |
| Rotavirus is transmitted how? | Fecal oral route |
| Rotavirus is resistant to what ? | Acid |
| Rotavirus can cause ? | Mild to severe watery diarrhea, Dehydration |
| What accounts for 50% of severe diarrhea in in young children? | Rotavirus |
| Attenuated live vaccine is available for what virus ? | Rotavirus |
| what are unicellular organisms? | Yeast |
| What are filamentous multicellular organisms ? | Molds |
| What are dimorphic fungi? | They can exist in both forms |
| What causes vulvovsginsl candidiasis and oropharyngeal candidiasis? | Candida sp |
| vulvovaginal candidiasis are also called? | yeast infections |
| oropharyngeal candidiasis is also called ? | Thrush |
| what is the #1 cause of invasive fungal infections? | Candida sp |
| What causes cryptococcal meningitis? | Cryptococcus neoformans |
| Cryptococcus sp. is a what? | Yeast |
| What is an example of Cryptococcus sp.? | Cryptococcus Neoformans |
| What is a yeast infection that is acquired from pigeon droppings ? | Crytococcus Sp. |
| A patient has been around a park where there is a lot of pigeon poop around, it has been confirmed they have cryptococcal meningitis what type of yeast most likely caused this ? | Cryptococcus Neoformans |
| Cryptococcus sp. is dangerous for patients that have? | Aids |
| Malassezia is a yeast, mold or virus? | Yeast |
| An example of a Malassezia yeast is? | Malassezia furfur |
| What can Malassezia furfur cause? | seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis |
| Seborrheic dermatitis is | a common inflammatory skin condition that causes flaky, oily scales and redness |
| pityriasis versicolor is | a common fungal infection of the skin that causes discolored patches |
| folliculitis is | a common skin condition characterized by inflammation of hair follicles, often appearing as small, red, and sometimes pus-filled bumps, which can be itchy or painful |
| A patient comes in with a discolored patch on his arm and has inflammation on his neck where it seems to be flaky oily scales , you have classified it as a yeast what type of yeast infection would have caused this ? | Malassezia furfur |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci is a yeast, mold, or virus ? | yeast |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci is called what instead of a yeast cell? | nonmold |
| A patient came in that has chest pain, a cough and fever. Test came back and pneumonia was +. The pt also has aids so we decide to run a culture, it comes back and is + for yeast. What yeast most likely caused the pneumonia? | Pneumocystis jiroveci |
| What are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing disease in healthy individuals but tend to infect immune compromised individuals? | Molds |
| How do molds grow? | as a mycelium (fuzz) |
| What are examples of molds? | Aspergillus sp, Mucor sp, Dermatophytes |
| A patient comes in for a check up after receiving a liver transplant. He is not feeling well, He recently went on a hike with his wife. We look into and see fuzz blockage in the artery connecting to his liver, what likely caused this? | Aspergillus sp |
| A immunocompromised patient comes in and has a case of rapid invasive mycosis that looks fuzzy. What is most likely the cause of this infection? | Mucor Sp |
| What are fungi that require keratin for growth and are a type of mold? | Dermatophytes |
| What are examples of Dermatophytes? | Trycophyton sp and Microsporum sp. |
| What causes athletes foot? | Tinea PEDIs |
| What causes a ringworm? | Tinea corporis |
| What causes a scalp ringworm | Tinea CAPitis |
| What causes jock itch ? | Tinea Cruris |
| what causes onychomycosis and nail fungus? | Tinea UNguium |
| Dimorphic fungi can exist in yeast and mold. | True |
| Examples of dimorphic fungi? | Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis |
| A patient comes in recently went to Carlsbad, NM to explore the bat caves. They have been coughing up green mucos and have a fever. Cultures are ran and we are positive for yeast, but when in room-temp it is now a mold. What caused this ? | Histoplasma capsulatum |
| What causes pulmonary infections that can disseminate and also can live as a yeast or mold? | Blastomyces dermatitidis |
| A patient seems to have come down with valley fever, she is also complained of a stiff neck. A spinal tap is done and meningitis is confirmed. A culture is ran an it looks like a dimorphic fungi. What is the cause? | Coccidioides immitis |
| An elderly patient comes in that has recently been gardening and pricked herself. Rose Gardners disease is +, cultures are ran and it seems to be a dimorphic fungi. What caused this? | Sporothrix Schenckii |
| What are the benefits of a vaccination? | Prevent disease, Reduction in disease severity, Prevent transmission, Prevent mortality, Prevent sequelae or chronic disease, Herd immunity |
| What is Herd Immunity? | A situation in which a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to an infectious disease (through vaccination and/or prior illness) to make its spread from person to person unlikely. |
| A vaccine that uses a weakened virus in the formula? | Live attenuated |
| A vaccine that uses a killed virus in the formula? | Inactivated virus |
| A vaccine that uses a specific pieces of the pathogen in the formula? | Subunit/recombinant/conjugate |
| What indicates average number of people an infected person can pass the disease to? | R0 |
| A vaccine that uses a inactivated toxin in the formula? | Toxoid |
| A vaccine that uses a modified version of a different virus in the formula? | Viral vector |
| A vaccine that is delivered in lipid nanoparticle to express specific protein? | mRNA |
| What is a molecule that can help elicit a stronger immune response toward the antigen of choice ? | Adjuvants |
| What can determine cellular and humoral immunity? | The choice of adjuvant |
| What can adjuvants be? | salts, lipids and plant derived molecules |
| What COVID-19 vaccines are authorized in the United States? | Moderna, Pfizer, Novavax |
| Moderna is what type of vaccine ? | mRNA |
| Pfizer is what type of vaccine? | mRNA |
| Novavax is what type of vaccine? | Protein subunit |
| AstraZeneca/Oxford are what type of vaccine? | adenovirus vector |
| Sinivac Biotech is what type of vaccine? | Inactivated virus |
| Johnson and Johnson and AstraZeneca are what type of vaccine? | Viral Vector |
| What immune response generates neutralizing antibodies by b-cells preventing viruses from attaching? | Humoral Immunity |
| What immune response is cell mediated that eliminates intracellular pathogens? | Cellular Immunity |
| The ability of the immune system to respond to antigens it has previously encountered much more rapidly this is what type of immune response ? | Immune memory |
| When you get vaccinated it only protects you, yes or no ? | No, it also offers protection for the unvaccinated as well |
| If nobody went to get vaccines what could happen in the heath care system? | overwhelming the hospital system, access to health care services, elective surgeries are put off until they become severe |
| What can activate both humoral and cellular immunity response ? | A vaccine |
| What therapy uses knowledge and experience to then make appropriate therapy to cover infection ? | Empiric Therapy |
| A (+) grape like structured cocci ? | staph |
| A (+) chain like structured cocci? | strep |
| gram (+) stain what color? | purple |
| gram (-) stain what color ? | pink |
| What are alpha classified as? | greenish hue |
| What are beta classified as? | clear zone |
| What are gamma classified as? | no hemolysis |
| What are the 3 steps when treating a patient with a infection ? | 1: assess presence, severity and cause of disease 2: choose therapy that is effective and safe 3: monitor effectiveness and safety |
| How do bacteria become resistant? | not finishing antibiotics, over prescribing/ use of antibiotics |
| When choosing an antibiotic do you want a wide or a narrow range that the antibiotic kills? | narrow |
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trharvau
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