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brain exam 3
Hormones and the Hypothalamus, emotion, Psychopathy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hormone? | chemical substance produced by one gland or organ that travels through the bloodstream to produce an effect on another organ |
| Differentiate various types of hormones. | Homeostatic Hormones: maintain a stable & constant internal environment Gonadal sex hormones:control reproduction Glucocorticoids:prepare body or flight or fight |
| Explain the functions of the hypothalamus (more specific than the 4Fs) and pituitary gland. | 1)controlling the pituitary gland 2)maintaining homeostasis 3)controlling reproductive behavior 4) controlling stress responses |
| Describe homeostasis. | maintenance of a constant internal environment |
| circadian rhythms, | biological clocks or rhythms that typically follow a 24 hr clock - melatonin: hormone that makes one drowsy - orexin: arousal/ awake in response to light |
| temperature regulation | ths: thyroid stimulating hormone up when cold/bold down when warm/hot |
| hunger | regulates body weight accurate nucleus & pancreas produce neuropeptide (more food intake) adipose tissue produces leptin ( less food intake) |
| thirst. | can be based on low water levels or blood volume vasopressin(more water intake) Aldosterone (more salt retention in kidneys & sweat glands |
| role of testosterone in primary and secondary sexual characteristics | Promotes the development of male reproductive organs (testes, penis, and prostate) during fetal development Growth of facial, body, and pubic hair.Deepening of the voice due to larynx enlargement.,ncreased muscle mass and strength |
| estrogen in primary and secondary sexual characteristics? | Promotes the development of female reproductive organs Development of breasts. Widening of hips and fat distribution to thighs and buttocks., Growth of pubic and underarm hair.,Regulation of the menstrual cycle. |
| Describe the fast acting for stress responses. | hypothalamus->sympathetic ns->adrenal giants ->epinephrine "adrenaline rush" |
| describe slow acting pathways for stress responses. | hypothalamus->pituitary gland->adrenal->glands->cortisol release |
| What happens to the body when there is a prolonged stress response? | its a cycle : destruction of hippocampal ->fewer hippocampal neurons->decreased ability to shut off cortisol secretion-> move cortisol secretion |
| Describe the links between the hypothalamus and the amygdala. | the amygdala interprets emotional stimuli and signals the hypothalamus amygdala influences autonomic & hormonal responses through its connecting to the hypothalamus |
| What are the symptoms of kluver-bucy syndrome? | results from bilateral injury to the temporal lobe symptoms: flat affect, oral exploration of objects, indiscriminate eating |
| What are the principal components of emotion? | physiology:change in heart rate, sweating, motor behavior: change in posture,tone of voice, self reported cognition:put on a face, unconscious behavior influences behavior |
| How does emotion differ from affect, mood, and temperament? | affect:outward expression of emotion, mood: an emotional state that continues for a long time, temperament: predisposition to experience event as pleasant or unpleasant |
| James-Lange Theory, What is some evidence in support of each? | emotion stems from bodily feedback, physical changes precede the interpretation of emotion evidence: reduced info about autonomic arousal due to spinal cord injury is associated w/ decrease in perceived emotion |
| Canon-Bard Theory,What is some evidence in support of each? | an emotional stimulus procedures two co-ocurring reactions,arousal & experience of emotions that do not cause each other evidence:ppl w/ spinal cord injuries still have emotional responses |
| , Cognitive-appraisal Theory. What is some evidence in support of each? | emotion is the joint effect of phycological arousal and cognitive appraisal, which serves to determine how an ambiguous inner state of arousal will be labeled |
| Papez’s Circuit. What is some evidence in support of each? | proposed circuit where by emotion can reach consciousness, which was presumed to reside in the cerebral cortex evidence: the singular cortez is the center of the brain for emotional processing conscious and unconscious |
| What areas of the brain are associated with emotion? | cingulate cortex:directing traffic,hippocamous:activating relevant memories,amygdala:fear reponse,pfc:how to handle situation,hypothalamus:bodily response |
| How is emotion lateralized in the brain? In other words, How do we know this? | facial expression present & to one visual field at the time are more accurately identified in the left visual field The left ear advantages for identifying the emotional tone of a voice |
| f | latinization of the production of affecting behavior Facial expressions tend to be predominantly on the left side of the lace |
| which hemisphere is most important in the perception of emotion? | the right hemisphere specialization in producing and interpreting non verbal behavior the right hemisphere is specialized for the perception of complex vision stimuli of which faces are an example. |
| Describe Paul Zak’s “The Moral Molecule”. What are the arguments against this kind of thinking in neuroscience? | |
| What is psychopathy? | development disorder involving emotional disfunction increase risk for reactive and instrumental |
| attention model | normal people are able to change our activities or responses depending on peripheral information but psychopaths don't have this ability, |
| amygdala model | the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are the core dysfunctional areas in psychopathy.The amygdala being impaired resulted in dysfunction in the formation and processing of emotionally charged representations |
| paralimbic model | dysfunction of the paralimbic cortex. Insula plays a role in pain perception which explains why psychopaths were insensitive to the threat of impending pain |
| executive model | |
| Explain the development of morality and psychopathy. Describe the two major brain areas proposed to be involved and their role in moral behavior and psychopathy. | |
| What is a critical period? | developmental "window" during which some event has a long-lasting influence of the brain |
Created by:
as12
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