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Oncology Exam 1
Frei Screening and Prevention
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are ways to prevent cancer? | Smoking cessation; Sun protection; Exercise; Healthy Eating; Moderation with Alcohol; Vaccinations |
| Cancer screenings help to look for? | Breast Cancer; Cervical Cancer; Colorectal Cancer; Lung Cancer; Prostate Cancer |
| What is the single largest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the US? | smoking *in the US, tobacco use is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths***; tobacco use accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and 87% of lung chancer deaths |
| Smoking cessation can help prevent: | lung cancer; larynx (throat) cancer; esophageal cancer; oral cavity & pharynx cancer |
| UV radiation protection involves: | slip (cover up arms and legs); slop (slop on SPF-30 and reapply every 2 hours); Slap (slap a hat on your head); wrap (sunglasses and provides UVA and UVB protection) |
| What are the most common types of skin cancer? | squamous cell, basal cell, and melanoma |
| This skin cancer type is the most likely skin cancer to grow and become invasive with a low survival rate | Melanoma |
| Melanoma characteristics includes? | develops on chest and back of men; develops on the legs for women; face and neck are other common sites; having darkly pigmented skin can be a protective |
| Risk factors for skin cancer includes? | UV light exposure, faire skinned (red or blonde hair, blue or green eyes, family history of melanoma |
| The world cancer research fund estimates that about 20% of all cancers diagnosed in the US are related to? | body fatness, physical inactivity, excess alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition |
| Frei: "we know that being overweight or obese is clearly linked to certain cancers and can be at least 2x as likely to get which cancers? | Breast (among women who have gone through menopause); Endometrial; Esophagus; gastric; liver; kidney *maintain a healthy weight |
| Physical activity: Get at least _____ minutes of moderate intensity or 75 min of vigorous intensity activity each week (or a combination of these) preferably spread throughout the week | 150 |
| Eat a healthy diet: (healthy lifestyle to prevent cancer) | EAT 2.5 cups of vegetables and fruits each day; choose whole grains; limit intake of processed and red meats; limit alcohol intake to 1 or less drinks per day for women and 2 or less drinks per day for men |
| what are examples of cancer preventing vaccines? | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and Human Papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine |
| HBV was the _____ cancer preventative vaccine successfully developed and marketed. Chronic HBV or HCV can lead to ____ _____. Multiple vaccines are available for HBV but there are no vaccines available for HCV | FIRST; liver cancer |
| Human Papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine helps to prevent ____ ______ and many other types of cancers. | cervical cancer |
| What type of cancer is referred to as "primary liver cancer?" | Hepatocellular cancer |
| Hepatocellular cancer is the most common form of liver cancer in ______. 5-year survival rate for liver cancer is ____%. More common in men than women. _____ ______and Pacific Islanders have the highest rates of liver cancer. | adults; 20%; Asian Americans |
| The most common risk factor for Hepatocellular cancer is _____ _______ with Hep B or C virus. Other risk factors include cirrhosis, heavy alcohol use, tobacco use, obesity, and T2D | Chronic infection |
| Hep B Vaccine is usually given in childhood. Its a 3 dose series. First dose given within _____ h of birth. 2nd dose given 1-2 _____ after first dose. Third dose given between ___-____ months from birth. Adults vaccinated as children do not need vaccination in most circumstances | 24; months; 6-18 |
| Test Question: the most common cancer caused by HPV is ____ _____ (female) and _____ _______ (male) | cervical cancer; oropharyngeal cancer |
| Other cancers beside Cervical and oropharyngeal caused by HPV can also cause what other forms of cancers? | anal cancer (90% of cases), and more than 50% of vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers |
| Cervical cancer caused by HPB has a 5-year survival rate of ____%. Localized cancer 5-year survival is 92% (catch it early with screenings :)). Most important risk factor is? | exposure to the HPV virus *current HPV vaccine covers 9 types of the HPV virus |
| Symptoms of cervical cancer include? | abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge from vagina, pain during intercourse, pain in pelvic region |
| 70% of cervical cancers are prevented by HPV vaccination but doesn't protect against? | all cancer-causing types of HPV *even in women who have been vaccinated, cervical cancer is still possible. |
| OTHER ways besides vaccination to prevent cervical cancer include? | Don't smoke, use condoms during sex, limit your number of sexual partners |
| What is the name of the HPV vaccine available on the market? and has coverage for which HPV types? | Gardasil 9; types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; *prevented pre-cancer cervix cell changes -- 16 and 18; prevented genital warts-- 6 and 11 |
| How gets the HPV vaccine? | CDC recommends for girls and boys 11 to 12 yo (can start at age 9 years) up to 26 yo; recommended based on shared clinical decision making from 27-45 yo. *healthy people 2030 goal of having 80% of 13-15 yo fully vaccinated against HPV |
| HPV vaccination schedule: things to know? if the pt is under 15 its a __ series whereas if the pt is over 15 its a ___ series | 2-dose; 3-dose |
| For the "Average risk individual" what is the one recommendation Dr. Frei wants us to remember for breast cancer screening? | NCCN--> Annual mammogram >/= 40 |
| Cervical Cancer screening uses the USPTFS recommendation based on age: 1. for 21-29 yo? | Pap test alone every 3 years |
| Cervical Cancer screening uses the USPTFS recommendation based on age: 2. 30-65 yo? | HPV DNA testing every 5 years for low risk women (preferred) or pap and HPV testing every 5 years or pap test alone every 3 years |
| Cervical Cancer screening uses the USPTFS recommendation based on age: 3. >65 yo? | If normal tests in the past 10 years, women may choose to stop screening |
| Cervical Cancer screening uses the USPTFS recommendation based on age: 4. Hysterectomy? | No screening |
| What age do we start screening for colon cancer based on the NCCN guidelines? | Age >/= 45 |
| What is the gold standard for colon cancer screening and how often? | Colonoscopy every 10 years |
| Pack Years formula? | Pack years = (Cigarettes per day/ 20) x years smoked |
| Calculate pack years? 1. Smoking 15 cigarettes daily for 10 years equals 2. Smoking 20 cigarettes daily for 5 years equals 3. Smoking 40 cigarettes daily for 25 years equals 4. Smoking 10 cigarettes daily for 2 years equals | 1. 7.5 2. 5 3. 50 4. 1 |
| NCCN guidelines for lung cancer screenings for general population with "Avereage risk" recommendation? | No Screenings |
| NCCN guidelines for lung cancer screenings for general population with High risk (all Must be present)--> Age 50-80; >/= 20 pack year smoker; active smoker or quit < 15 years ago (only present with USPTFS) | Annual LDCT (Low dose computed tomography) |
| Prostate cancer Dr. Frei statement to remember--> | you can suggest cancer screening. Maybe be screened (only for MEN) |
Created by:
Xander635
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