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Biology Exam One
Dr. Kemeage at Louisiana Tech University exam one biology test vocab terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Properties of Living Things | Ordered Respond to Stimuli Reproduce Adapt Grow and Develop Regulate Homeostasis Process Energy |
| Levels of Organization (smallest to biggest) | Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere |
| What are the two types of cells? | Prokaryote and Eukaryote |
| Components of an Atom | Protons (+) charged in nucleus mass of 1 amu Neutron (neutral) charged in nucleus mass of 1 amu Electrons (-) charged orbit around nucleus lack functional mass |
| Number of protons defines what? | atom's elemental properties atomic number |
| Atoms of same element can have different number of neutrons | isotopes |
| What is the formula for the mass of an atom | number of protons + number of neutrons |
| When are atoms most stable | when they have 2, 10, or 18 total electrons |
| Covalent bond Properties | Strong Bond Electrons are shared in pairs There are two single covalent bonds in H20 |
| Properties of Ionic Bonds | Weaker than Covalent Bonds Made up of a Metal and a Non-metal |
| Due to some atoms being more electronegative than one another what occurs? | Creates partial charges in both atoms due to the sharing of unequal electrons this creates polar covalent bonds |
| Hydrogen Bonding (H-bonds) | Weaker than Ionic Bonds |
| When electrons are shared equally? | nonpolar covalent bond ex - CH4 (methane) |
| Hydrophilic Atoms | Molecules dissolve in water ex - NaCl and Glucose |
| Hydrophobic Atoms | Molecules do not dissolve in water ex - oil |
| Properties of Water Convenient for Life | Water is sticky Sticks to itself: cohesion Results in surface tension Sticks to other things: adhesion Results in capillary action (very important for plants Water Ionizes |
| The pH scale | ranges from 0-14 pure water is pH 7 related to the concentration of H+ ions More H+ (more acidic = lower pH) Less H+ (more basic = high pH) 10-fold difference between whole numbers ex - 6 has 100 times more pH than 8 |
| Buffers resist | change in pH |
| Carbohydrates | Classified based on sized Hydrophilic Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | usually 3,5, or 6 carbons used for energy storage 5 and 6 carbons monosaccharides can form ring structures ex - fructose used for energy transport ex- glucose |
| Disaccharides | used for energy storage and or transport ex- sucrose |
| Polysaccharides | a polymer of monosaccharides can be branched or unbranched used for energy storage ex - glycogen used for structural support ex - cellulose |
| Lipids | connected primarily by non-polar covalent bonds hydrophobic most have at least one fatty acid |
| Fatty Acids | can be saturated or unsaturated trans fats are artificially created unsaturated fats omega fats are required as part of diet |
| 4 major types of Lipids | fats/oils waxes phospholipids steroids |
| Fats/Oils | three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone form a triglyceride Used for energy storage more efficient long-term storage than carbohydrates |
| Waxes | single long fatty acid used by plants and some animals to repel water |
| Phospholipids | two fatty acids and one phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone Fatty acids are hydrophobic, phosphate is hydrophilic form cell membrane |
| Steroids | ex - cholesterol (part of the cell membrane) ex - testosterone (a hormone) |
| Protein Fuctions | Enzymes (make or break chemical bonds) Defense (antibodies) Transport (carry O2 through bloodstream) Structural Integrity (cartilage) Muscle Concentration Regulation |
| Most Proteins are | Hydrophilic |
| Amino acids linked by a type of covalent bond called | peptide bond |
| Four levels of protein structure | Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure |
| Nucleotide Structure | 5 - carbon sugar RNA: ribose DNA: deoxyribose |
| Phosphate Group | (-) charge Attached to 5' carbon sugar called "5' Phosphate" |
| Nitrogenous Base | 5 possible Bases Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) DNA ONLY Uracil (U) RNA ONLY |
| A and G are | purines (two rings) |
| C, T, and U are | pyrimidines (one ring) |
| Nucleotides are connected by a type of covalent bond called | phosphodiester bond |
| DNA | A double helix formed two strands of nucleotides held together by H-bonds between nitrogenous bases Pair to optimize H-bond formation Purines pair with pyrimidines Results in complementary sequences Stable macromolecule store genetic information |
| RNA | Less stable macromolecule Most function as a short-term copy of DNA info Some RNAs have structural and functional roles |
| ALL CELLS HAVE | Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm DNA Ribosomes |
| Eukaryotic cells additionally have | membrane bound organelle |
| Membrane bound organelles | nucleus mitochondria peroxisome Lysosome Vacuoles and Vesicles Chloroplast Centrosome Endomembrane Systems |
| Nucleus | Stores DNA Most prominent organelle Bounded by nuclear envelope Nuclear pores control exit/entry Nucleoplasm Nucleolus (ribosomes created) DNA packed as chromatin |
| Mitochondria | Many of the chemical reactions take place in inner membrane Folds increase surface area for more reactions Have own DNA and ribosomes |
| Peroxisome | Site of lipid/fatty acid breakdown Need an organelle because lipid breakdown produces harmful hydrogen peroxide Contains and breakdown peroxide byproduct |
| Lysosome | Low pH denatures proteins Digestive enzymes break down proteins, large food particles, foreign material, and or damaged organelles |
| Vacuoles and Vesicles | Store and or transport materials vacuoles are larger than vesicles central vacuole is plant only (stores water for photosynthesis) |
| Chloroplasts | Plant only performs photosynthesis Many of the chemical reactions take place in inner membrane Thylakoids increase surface are for more reactions Have own DNA and ribsomes |
| Centrosome | Animal only Contains two centrioles (organize microtubes used in cell division) |
| Endomembrane System | 3 components: Rough Endoplasmtic Reticulum (ER) Smooth (ER) Golgi Apparatus All composed of folded sheets of membrane attached to nuclear envelope |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Studded with ribosomes proteins made, inserted into system some protein modfications |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | No ribosomes Carbohydrates and lipids made Breaks down some foreign compounds proteins and lipid from ER sent via vesicles to Golgi apparatus |
| Golgi Apparatus | Additional protein modifications Packaging into vesicles Shipment |
| Many proteins only function when | modified properly |
| Other Not Membrane Bound Structures | Cell Wall Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Cytoskeleton |
| Cell Wall | Rigid external protection and support Made of polysaccharides Not in animal cells |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | Flexible external protection and support Made of proteins and carbohydrates Animal only |
| Cytoskeleton | Connects everything within cytoplasm 3 major types of fibers Microfilaments and Actin Filaments Intermediate Filaments Microtubules |
| Microfilaments and Actin Filaments | Disassemble and reform to allow cell to change shape Involved in muscle contraction |
| Intermediate Filaments | Provide structural stability |
| Microtubules | Hollow Tubes key roles in cell division transport rails for vesicles |
| Flagella and Cilia | Optional Structures |
| Atom | the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element |
| Biosphere | the collection of all the ecosystems on Earth |
| Cell | The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function of living things |
| Community | the set of population inhabiting a particular area - all of the living individuals of all species living with in a specfic area |
| Ecosystem | all of the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic (nonliving) parts of that environment |
| Eukaryote | An organism with cells that have nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Homeostasis | The ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions |
| Macromolecule | A large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules |
| Molecule | A chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds |
| Organ | a collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function |
| Organ System | A level of organization that consist of functionally related interacting organs |
| Organelle | A small structure that exists within cells and carries out cellular functions |
| Organism | An individual living entity |
| Population | All of the individuals of a single species living with in a specific area |
| Prokaryote | A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Tissues | A group of similar cells carrying out related functions |
| Acid | A molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Anion | A negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons |
| Base | A molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| Buffer | A substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
| Capillary Action | Occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, the water molecules to the sides of the tubes |
| Cation | A positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons |
| Chemical Bond | An interaction bond two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules |
| Covalent Bond | A type of chemical bond; forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
| Element | one of 118 unique substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons |
| Hydrogen Bond | A type of chemical bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules |
| Ion | An atom or chemical group that does not contain equal number of protons and electrons |
| Ionic Bond | A type of chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions) |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and occupies space |
| Organic Molecule | Any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide CO2) |
| Periodic Table | An organizational chart of elements indicating the atomic number and atomic mass of each element; provides key information about the properties of the elements |
| Solvent | A substance capable of dissolving another substance |
| Surface Tension | Tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating |
| Denaturation | The loss shape in a protein |
| Disaccharide | two linked sugar monomers |
| Hormone | A chemical signaling molecules that acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes |
| Monosaccharides | A single unit of monomer of carbohydrates |
| Polymer | a chain of monomer resisted linked by covalent bonds |
| Polysaccharides | A long chain of monosaccharides |
| Primary Structure | the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| Quaternary Structure | the association of multiple polypeptides subunits in a protein |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | A long chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain |
| Secondary Structure | Regular structures that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding |
| Tertiary Structure | A protein's three- dimensional conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | A long chain hydrocarbon that had one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain |
| Chromatin | A protein DNA complex that serves as the chromosomes'' building material |
| Cilium (Plural = Cillia) | short hairlike structures that extend from the plasma membrane in large numbers and functions to move an entire cell or more substances along the cell's outer surface |
| Cytoplasm | The entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope |
| Flagellum (Plural = Flagella) | Long hairlike structures that extend from the plasma membrane and move the cell |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus' outermost portion |
| Secondary Structure Properties | Common structural motifs/patterns ex - Alpha Helix and Beta Sheets Held together by H-bonds |
| Tertiary Structure Properties | Held together by interactions between functional groups of amino acids H-bonds Ionic Bonds Disulfide linkages (type of covalent bond) Hydrophobic exclusion (hydrophobic amino acid fold to core of protein |
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