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Psychology Studybook
Chapters 3 and 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Dendrites | Receives messages from neighboring neurons |
| Cell Body | Contains nucleus of the neuron |
| Soma | Neuron's cell body and control centre, containing its nucleus and DNA |
| Myelin Sheath | Fatty, white insulating tissue that surrounds the axons of neurons. |
| Nucleus | Structure that contains chromosomes |
| Axon | Sends messages to other neurons |
| Axon terminal | release neurotransmitters across the synapse to be received by other neurons |
| Synapse (direction of nerve impulse) | A small gap between neurons where neurotransmitters travel to pass messages |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that are released by the axon that travel across the synapse to the dendrites of neighbouring neurons |
| Excitatory neurotransmitter | Increases the overall activity of a neuron, making it more likely to fire. |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitter | Decreases the overall activity of the neuron, making it less likely to fire. |
| Neural impulse | Messages that travel along a neuron that are both electrical and chemical in nature |
| Multiple sclerosis study facts | - Multiple sclerosis attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of neurons - A person with MS can have periods of recovery before getting a new ‘attack’ - Despite there being no cure, people with MS tend to live almost a normal lifespan |
| MS symptoms | - Loss of motor function - Coordination issues - Speech problems - Extreme fatigue - Vision problems - Tremors - Discomfort or pain - Changing to thinking and memory - Loss of sensation or tingling in the skin |
| Brain Plasticity | the ability of the brain to overcome damage through connecting a wounded neuron's axon with other neurons. involves excitability, which helps in recovery by forming new neural pathways. |
| Grey matter | The outer layer, or cortex, of the brain is grey matter. The major process, such as thinking, occurs in the grey matter. |
| Cortex | The outer layer of the brain made up of grey matter where many processes take place |
| White matter | Contains the axons of neurons insulated by the fatty white myelin sheath. White matter is needed to insulate and speed up the transmission of electrochemical impulses in the brain |
| Glutamate | Most common form of excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a large role in memory and learning. |
| Aspartate | Second most common form of excitatory neurotransmitter is one that plays an important role in focus, concentration, metabolism, and general health of cells. Used to help cure depression/chronic fatigue. |
| Acetylcholine | Excitatory neurotransmitter that causes muscles to contract and plays a role in attention, learning, and memory. Low levels of acetylcholine have been linked to Alzheimer's disease |
| GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) | Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a large role in calming or quietening down the central nervous system. Lower levels of GABA experience stress more intensely or for longer periods, leading to a risk of developing an anxiety disorder |
| Serotonin | ‘feel good’ neurohormone that regulates mood, well-being, the digestive system, and sleep. Cannot cross blood barrier. Melatonin (sleep hormone) directly influences sleep, while serotonin plays a role in mood and overall well-being. |
| Endorphins | acts as a natural painkiller in times of stress or pain. Endorphins can also cause people to feel better after strenuous exercise. Thought to be more powerful than morphine. Cannot cross the blood barrier |
| Dopamine | Plays a role in memory, learning, motor movements, motivation, and addiction. Low levels of dopamine are linked to Parkinson's disease |
| addiction? | Health condition that causes people to compulsively use substances or engage in behaviors despite harmful consequences. |
| Stimulant Drug | A substance that speeds up messages going to and from the brain, keeping a person awake and alert |
| Depressant Drug | Slows down the body and brain and inhibits metabolism. |
| methamphetamines? | Stimulant drugs that can be found in three forms: base, powder, or crystalline. Methamphetamines are considered to have the strongest impact of stimulant drugs. |
| Psychosis? | A generic term for a mental state often described as involving ‘loss of contact with reality’ |
| Gambling? | An activity involving chance, where a person risks money in order to win. |
Created by:
anvi15
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