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Respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory system | Bring oxygen into body, and expel carbon dioxide |
| Respiration | process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells |
| External respiration | Ventilation of breathing; allows gas exchanged in lungs |
| Internal respiration | gas transport in blood and exchange with body cells |
| Cellular Respiration | Process of ATP production in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to harness energy and gives off carbon dioxide |
| Upper respiratory tract | nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, Pharynx, Larnyx |
| Lower respiratory | trachea, Bronchial tree, Lungs |
| Nostril | provide opening for air to enter and leave nasal cavity |
| Nasal cavity | hollow space behind nose |
| Nasal conchae | curl in from lateral walls of cavity |
| Meatuses | conchae separate nasal cavity into passageways |
| olfactory receptors | sense of smell |
| Mucous membrane = | pseudostratified cliated epitheliuem |
| Goblet cells produce | mucus, which trap dust and pathogens |
| Cilia | sweeps mucus toward pharynx |
| Pathogen and particles are destroy here | stomach |
| Conduction of air | warms moistens, and filters incoming air |
| Nasal conche | support the muscus membrane that lines the nasal cavity, and help increase the mucous membrane surface area |
| What are the paranasal sinuses? | air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal,ethmoid, ad spheniod bones of skull |
| Where do the paranasal sinuses open? | Into the nasal cavity. |
| What type of lining do the paranasal sinuses have? | Mucous membrane lining that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity. |
| What is one function of the paranasal sinuses? | They reduce the weight of the skull. |
| What is another function of the paranasal sinuses? | They serve as resonant chambers for the voice. |
| Sinusitis | due to infection or allergic reaction, may result in blockage of sinus drainage, causing sinus pressure and headache |
| Smoking causes | paralyzes cilia, dirt, and pathogens can no longer be removed from the respiratory system |
| smoker's cough | occurs wen clia no longer function, excess mucus is produced, and mucus must be coughed up |
| Coughing lead to | chronic bronchitis |
| Emphysema | condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged |
| Pharynx space | posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx |
| Pharynx aids | in sound production |
| Nasopharynx | superior to soft palate; air passage; contain openings to auditory tubes |
| Oropharynx | Posterior to mouth, inferior to nasopharynx; passageway for food and air |
| Laryngopharynx | Inferior to oropharynx; continuous with larynx and esophagus |
| Larynx | An enlargement in the airway superior to trachea, and anterior and slightly inferior to laryngopharynx |
| Larynx moves | air in and out of trachea |
| Larynx houses | vocal chords |
| Larynx composed of | framework of muscles and cartilages bound by elastic tissue |
| Thyroid | largest cartilage; thyroid gland covers lower part |
| Cricoid | Below thyroid cartilage |
| Epiglottic | central portion of flap-like epiglottis |
| Small cartilages | Aryteniod, corniculate, cuneiform |
| Small cartilages regulate | vocal cord tension for speech and close larynx |
| Larynx contains 2 | Paris of horizontal vocal folds |
| false vocal cords | Upper folds, do not produce sounds, helps close airway during swallowing |
| True vocal cords | lower folds, produce vocal sounds |
| Glottis | true vocal cords + opening between them |
| Trachea | Flexible cylindrical tube, 2.5 cm in diameter |
| Trachea extends | to esophagus |
| Prevent collapse of trachea | 20 c -shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
| Tracheostomy | a procedure that cuts an opening in trachea and insert tube for air exchanged |
| right and left main bronchi | Branch from trachea, each leads to a lung |
| Lobar bronchi (secondary) | Branch from main bronchi; 2 on left 3 on right |
| Segmental Bronchi ( tertiary) | each enter segments 8 on left 1o on right |
| Intralobular bronchioles | each enter a lobule |
| Terminal bronchioles | 40 to 80 in each lobule |
| Respiratory bronchioles | first structures to conduct gas exchange; alveoli bud from sides of their walls |
| Alveolar ducts | Branches of respiratory ducts |
| Alveolar sacs | outpouchings of alveolar ducts |
| alveoli | microscopic air saca that perfrom gas exchanged; open into sacs |
| Main bronchi contain | cartilaginous plates |
| changes in diameter | bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction |
| Thin Respiratory tubes changes | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in larger tubes Simple cuboidal epithelium in respiratory bronchioles Simple squamous epithelium in alveoli |
| Branches of bronchial tree are | air passages |
| Alveoli provide surface area for | gas exchange |
| Gas exchange | O2 diffuses through alveolar and capillary walls to enter the blood |
| CO2 diffuses from the blood to | alveoli |
| Lungs | Spongy, cone shaped organs in thoracic cavity |
| Right lung | 3 lobes |
| left lung | 2 lobes |
| Hilum | Region on medial surface of each lung through which bronchus and large blood vessels enter |
| Pleura | Double-layered serous membrane surrounding lungs: |
| Visceral pleura | Inner layer of serous membrane; attached to surface of lung |
| Parietal pleura | Outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity |
| Pleural cavity | Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura |
| Nose function | Nostrils provide entrance to nasal cavity; internal hairs begin to filter incoming air |
| Nasal cavity | Conducts air to pharynx; mucous lining filters, warms, and moistens incoming air |
| Sinuses | Reduce weight of the skull; serve as resonant chambers |
| Larynx | Passageway for air; prevent foreign objects from entering trachea; houses vocal cords |
| Trachea | Passageway for air, mucous lining continues to filter air |
| Bronchial tree | Conducts air to the alveoli; mucous lining continues to filter incoming air |
| Lungs | sites of gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary circuit |
| Asbestos | airborne fibers can lead to scarring of lungs, shortness of breath, lung cancer, mesothelioma |
| Berylliosis | exposure to dust or vapor evokes immune response that scars lungs and impairs breathing |
| Extrinsic Allergic alveolitis | from long-term exposure to dust acute form causes fever and breathing impairment; chronic form changes lungs over time |
| Air Pollution | Microfine airborne pollutants can pass through protective mechanisms, and reach alveoli |
| Ventilation | Movement of air from outside of the body into the bronchial tree and the alveoli |
| Inspiration | inhalation |
| expiration | exhalation |
| Inspiration + expiration | Respiratory cycle |
| Atmospheric pressure | force that moves air into the lungs |
| When respiratory muscles are at rest | Atmospheric pressure and alveolar |
| Boyle's Law | ? |
| Normal, resting Diaphragm | Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity |
| Normal resting lung | aided by surface tension in the alveoli, to help lung expansion |
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