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~ DSM-5 Glossary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| affect | A pattern of observable behaviors that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion) |
| blunted affect | Significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression. |
| flat affect | Absence or near absence of any sign of affective expression. |
| inappropriate affect | Discordance between affective expression and the content of speech or ideation |
| labile affect | Abnormal variability in affect with repeated, rapid, and abrupt shifts in affective expression |
| restricted or constricted affect | Mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression. |
| affective blunting | a decreased ability to experience and express emotions. It is characterized by a diminished emotional reactivity, resulting in a feeling of emotional numbness or indifference. |
| agitation (psychomotor) | a state of increased physical and mental activity, characterized by restlessness, anxiety, and irritability |
| agnosia | Low of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells that occurs in the absence of either impairment of the specific sense or significant memory loss |
| alogia | An impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from observing speech and language behavior. |
| alogia (poverty of speech) | brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech |
| alogia (poverty of content) | brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech |
| amnesia | An inability to recall important autobiographical information that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. |
| anhedonia | Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in or energy for life’s experiences, defects in the capacity to feel pleasure and take interest in things. Anhedonia is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT. |
| anosognosia | A condition in which a person with an illness seems unaware of the existence of his or her illness. |
| antagonism | Behaviors that put an individual at odds with other people; self-importance, callous antipathy towards others, one of the five broad PERSONALITY TRAIT DOMAINS |
| antidepressant discontinuation syndrome | A set of symptoms that can occur after abrupt cessation, or marked reduction in dose, of an antidepressant medication that had been taken continuously for at least 1 month. |
| anxiety | The apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of worry, distress, and/or somatic symptoms of tension. The focus of anticipated danger may be internal or external. |
| anxiousness | Feelings of nervousness or tenseness in reaction to diverse situations; uncertainty, future and past experiences, Anxiousness is a facet of the broad personality trail domain NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY |
| arousal | The physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. |
| asociality | A reduced initiative for interacting with other people. |
| attention | The ability to focus in a sustained manner on a particular stimulus or activity. A disturbance in attention may be manifested by easy DISTRACTIBILITY or difficulty in finishing tasks or in concentrating on work. |
| attention seeking | Engaging in behavior designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others' attention and admiration. Attention seeking is a facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM. |
| auto gynephilia | Sexual arousal of a natal male associated with the idea or image of being a woman. |
| avoidance | The act of keeping away from stress-related circumstances; a tendency to circumvent cues, activities, and situations that remind the individual of a stressful event experienced. |
| avolition | An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. pathological = pervasive and prevents the person from completing many different types of activities (e.g., work, intellectual pursuits, self-care). |
| bereavement | The state of having lost through death someone with whom one has had a close relationship. This state includes a range of grief and mourning responses |
| biological rhythms | circadian rhythms; natural, 24-hour cycles that regulate various physiological and behavioral processes in the body |
| callousness | Lack of concern for the feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one's actions on others. Callousness is a facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM. |
| catalepsy | Passive induction of a posture held against gravity. Compare with WAXY FLEXIBILITY. |
| cataplexy | Episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone resulting in the individual collapsing, often occurring in association with intense emotions such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprise. |
| circadian rhythms | Cyclical variations in physiological and biochemical function, level of sleep-wake activity, and emotional state. |
| coma | State of complete loss of consciousness. |
| cognitive and perceptual dysregulation | Odd or unusual thought processes and experiences, including DEPERSONALIZATION, DEREALIZAT1ON, and DISSOCIATION; mixed sleep-wake state experiences, and thought-control experiences. a facet of the broad personality trait domain PSYCHOTICISM. |
| compulsion | Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. aimed at stopping an event or act but are not connected in a realistic way |
| conversion symptom | A loss of, or alteration in, voluntary motor or sensory functioning, with or without apparent impairment of consciousness. Not neurological, medical diagnosis, or substance related |
| deceitfulness | Dishonesty and fraudulence; misrepresentation of self; embellishment or fabrication when relating events. Deceitfulness is a facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM. |
| defensive mechanism | Mechanisms that mediate the individual's reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. |
| delusion | A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. |
| depersonalization | The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one’s mental processes, body, or actions (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream; a sense of unreality of self, perceptual alterations; emotional and/or physical numbing; temporal distortions; sense of unreality). |
| depressivity | Feelings of being intensely sad. miserable, and/or hopeless. |
| derealization | The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted). |
| detachment | Avoidance of socioemotional experience including both WITHDRAWAL from interpersonal interactions (ranging from casual daily interactions to friendships and intimate relationships (i.e., INTIMACY AVOIDANCE) and RESTRICTED AFFECTIVITY, particularly limited hedonic capacity. |
| disinhibition | Orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts, feelings, and external stimuli, without regard for past learning or consideration of future consequences. |
| disorder of sex development | Condition of significant inborn somatic deviations of the reproductive tract from the norm and/or of discrepancies among the biological indicators of male and female. |
| disorientation | Confusion about the time of day, date, or season (time); where one is (place); or who one is (person). |
| dissociation | The splitting off of clusters of mental content from conscious awareness. Dissociation is a mechanism central to dissociative disorders. |
| distractibility | Difficulty concentrating and focusing on tasks; attention is easily diverted by extraneous stimuli; difficulty maintaining goal focused behavior, including both planning and completing tasks. |
| dysarthria | A disorder of speech sound production due to structural or motor impairment affecting the articulatory apparatus. |
| dyskinesia | Distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscle activity. |
| dysphoria (dysphoric mood) | A condition in which a person experiences, intense feelings of depression, discontent, and in some cases indifference to the world around them. |
| dyssomnias | Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by INSOMNIA or HYPERSOMNIA as the major presenting symptom. |
| dysthymia | Presence, while depressed, of two or more of the following: 1) poor appetite or overeating, 2) insomnia or hypersomnia, 3) low energy or fatigue, 4) low self-esteem, 5) poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, or 6) feelings of hopelessness. |
| dystonia | Disordered tonicity of muscles.Disordered tonicity of muscles. |
| eccentricity | Odd, unusual, or bizarre behavior, appearance, and/or speech having strange and unpredictable thoughts, saying unusual or inappropriate things. |
| echolalia | The pathological, parrotlike and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a word or phrase just spoken by another person. |
| echopraxia | Mimicking live movements of another. |
| emotional lability | Instability of emotional experiences and mood; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances. |
| empathy | Comprehension and appreciation of others' experiences and motivations; tolerance of differing perspectives; understanding the effects of own behavior on others. |
| episode (episodic) | A specified duration of time during which the patient has developed or experienced symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria for a given mental disorder. |
| euphoria | A mental and emotional condition in which a person experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness, excitement. and joy. |
| fatigability | Tendency to become easily fatigued. See also FATIGUE. |
| fatigue | A state (also called exhaustion, tiredness, lethargy, languidness, languor, lassitude, and listlessness) usually associated with a weakening or depletion of one's physical and/or mental resources, ranging from a general state of lethargy to a specific, work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles. |
| fear | An emotional response to perceived imminent threat or danger associated with urges to flee or fight. |
| flashback | An emotional response to perceived imminent threat or danger associated with urges to flee or fight. |
| flight of ideas | A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. |
| gender | The public (and usually legally recognized) lived role as boy or girl, man or woman. Biological factors are seen as contributing in interaction with social and psychological factors to gender development. |
| gender assignment | The initial assignment as male or female, which usually occurs at birth and is subsequently referred to as the “natal gender.” |
| gender dysphoria | Distress that accompanies the incongruence between one's experienced and expressed gender and one's assigned or natal gender. |
| gender experience | The unique and personal ways in which individuals experience their gender in the context of the gender roles provided by their societies. |
| gender expression | The specific ways in which individuals enact gender roles provided in their societies. |
| gender identity | A category of social identity that refers to an individual's identification as male, female or, occasionally, some category other than male or female. |
| gender reassignment | A change of gender that can be either medical (hormones, surgery) or legal (government recognition), or both. In case of medical interventions, often referred to as sex reassignment. |
| geometric hallucination | See HALLUCINATION. |
| grandiosity | Believing that one is superior to others and deserves special treatment; self centeredness; feelings of entitlement; condescension toward others. |
| grimace (grimacing) | Odd and inappropriate facial expressions unrelated to situation (as seen in individuals with CATATONIA). |
| hallucination | A perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. Hallucinations should be distinguished from ILLUSIONS, in which an actual external stimulus is misperceived or misinterpreted. auditory: sound geometric: geometric shapes gustatory: taste olfactory: odor somatic: perception of physical experience tactile: perception of being touched visual: sight |
| hostility | Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behavior. Hostility is a facet of the broad personality trait domain ANTAGONISM. |
| hyperacusis | Increased auditory perception. |
| hyperorality | A condition in which inappropriate objects are placed in the mouth. |
| hypersexuality | A stronger than usual urge to have sexual activity. |
| hypersomnia | Excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by prolonged nocturnal sleep, difficulty maintaining an alert awake state during the day, or undesired daytime sleep episodes. See also SOMNOLENCE. |
| hypervigilance | An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats. |
| hypomania | An abnormality of mood resembling mania but of lesser intensity, See also MANIA. |
| hypopnea | Episodes of overly shallow breathing or an abnormally low respiratory rate. |
| ideas of reference | The feeling that causal incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person. |
| identity | Experience of oneself as unique, with clear boundaries between self and others, stability of self-esteem and accuracy of self-appraisal; capacity for, and ability to regulate, a range of emotional experience. |
| illusion | A misperception or misinterpretation of a real external stimulus, such as hearing the rustling of leaves as the sound of voices. See also HALLUCINATION. |
| impulsivity | Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans; a sense of urgency and self-harming behavior under emotional distress. |
| incoherence | Speech or thinking that is essentially incomprehensible to others because word or phrases are joined together without a logical or meaningful connection. |
| insomnia | A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. |
| intersex condition | A condition in which individuals have conflicting or ambiguous biological indicators of sex. |
| intimacy | Depth and duration of connection with others, desire and capacity for closeness; mutuality of regard reflected in interpersonal behavior. |
| intimacy avoidance | Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships. |
| irresponsibility | Disregard for–and failure to honor–financial and other obligations or commitments, lack of respect for–and lack of follow through on–agreements and promises; carelessness with others' property. |
| language pragmatics | The understanding and use of language in a given context, for example, the warning “Watch your hands” when issued to a child who is dirty is intended not only to prompt the child to look at his or her hands but also to communicate the admonition “Don't get anything dirty.” |
| lethargy | A state of decreased mental activity, characterized by sluggishness, drowsiness, inactivity, and reduced alertness. |
| macropsia | The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are. Compare with MICROPSIA. |
| magical thinking | The erroneous belief that ones thoughts words, or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of cause and effect. Magical thinking may be a part of normal child development. |
| mania | A mental state of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased level of activity or energy. See also HYPOMANIA. |
| manipulativeness | Use of subterfuge to influence or control others; use of seduction, charm, glibness, or ingratiation to achieve one's ends. |
| mannerism | A peculiar and characteristic individual style of movement action, thought, or speech. |
| melancholia (melancholic) | A mental slate characterized by very severe depression. |
| micropsia | The visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are. Compare with MACROPSIA. |
| mixed symptoms | The specifier “with mixed features” is applied to mood episodes during which subthreshold symptoms from the opposing pole are present. Whereas these concurrent “mixed” symptoms are relatively simultaneous, they may also occur closely juxtaposed in time as a waxing and waning of individual symptoms of the opposite pole (i.e., depressive symptoms during hypomanic or manic episodes, and vice versa). |
| mood | A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. Mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional “climate.” Types of mood include: dysphoric: An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability. elevated: An exaggerated feeling of well-being, or euphoria or elation. euthymic: Mood in the “normal” range. expansive: Lack of restraint in expressing one’s feelings. irritable: Easily annoyed. |
| mood-congruent psychotic features | Delusions or hallucinations whose content is entirely consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. |
| mood-incongruent psychotic features | Delusions or hallucinations whose content is not consistent with the typical themes of a depressed or manic mood. |
| multiple sleep latency test | Polysomnographic assessment of the sleep-onset period with several short sleep-wake cycles assessed during a single session. |
| mutism | No, or very little, verbal response (in the absence of known aphasia). |
| narcolepsy | Sleep disorder characterized by periods of extreme drowsiness. and frequent daytime lapses into sleep (sleep attacks). |
| negative affectivity | Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger), and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g., dependency) manifestations. |
| negativism | Opposition to suggestion or advice; behavior opposite to that appropriate to a specific situation or against the wishes of others, including direct resistance to efforts to be moved. |
| night eating syndrome | Recurrent episodes of night eating, as manifested by eating after awakening from deep or excessive food consumption after the evening meal. |
| nightmare disorder | Repealed occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode. |
| nonsubstance addiction(s) | Behavioral disorder (also called behavioral addictions) not related to any substance of abuse that shares some features with substance-induced addiction. |
| obsession | Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. |
| overeating | Eating too much food too quickly. |
| overvalued idea | An unreasonable and sustained belief that is maintained with less than delusional intensity (i.e., the person is able to acknowledge the possibility that the belief may not be true). |
| panic attacks | Discrete periods of sudden onset of intense fear or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom. During these attacks there are symptoms such as shortness of breath or smothering sensations; palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rale; chest pain or discomfort; choking; and fear of going crazy or losing control. |
| paranoid ideation | Ideation, of less than delusional proportions, involving suspiciousness or the belief that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated. |
| parasomnias | Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring during sleep or sleep-wake transitions Compare with DYSSOMNIAS. |
| perfectionism | Rigid insistence on everything being flawless, perfect, and without or faults, including one's own and others' performance; sacrificing of timeliness to ensure correctness in every detail; believing that there is only one right way to do things; difficulty changing ideas and/or viewpoint; preoccupation with details, organization, and order. |
| perseveration | Persistence at tasks or in particular way of doing things long after the behavior has ceased to be functional or effective; continuance of the same behavior despite repeated failures or clear reasons for stopping. |
| personality | Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. PERSONALITY TRAITS are prominent aspects of personality that are exhibited in relatively consistent ways across time and across situations. |
| personality disorder—trait specified | A proposed diagnostic category for use when a personality disorder is considered present but the criteria for a specific disorder are not met. |
| personality functioning | Cognitive models of self and others that shape patterns of emotional and affiliative engagement. |
| personality trait | A tendency to behave, feel, perceive, and think in relatively consistent ways across time and across situations in which the trait may be manifest. |
| personality trait facets | Specific personality components that make up the five broad personality trait domains in the dimensional taxonomy of Section III “Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders.” For example, the broad domain antagonism has the following component facets: MANPULATIVENESS, DECEITFULNESS, GRANDIOSITY, ATTENTION SEEKING, CALLOUSNESS, and HOSTILITY. |
| personality trait domains | In the dimensional taxonomy of Section III “Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders,” personality traits are organized into five broad domains: NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY, DETACHMENT, ANTAGONISM, DISNHIBTION, and PSYCHOTISISM. Within these five broad trait domains are 25 specific personality trait facets (e.g., IMPULSIVITY, RIGID PERFECTIONISM). |
| phobia | A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (i.e., the phobic stimulus) out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it. |
| pica | Persistent eating of nonnutritive nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month. The eating of nonnutritive nonfood substances is inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual (a minimum age of 2 years is suggested for diagnosis). |
| polysomnography | Persistent eating of nonnutritive nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month. The eating of nonnutritive nonfood substances is inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual (a minimum age of 2 years is suggested for diagnosis). |
| posturing | Spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity (as seen in CATATONIA). decerebrate posture: The arms and legs are out straight and rigid, the toes point downward, and the head is arched backward. decorticate posture: The body is rigid, the arms are stiff and bent, the fists are tight and the legs are straight out. opisthotonus: The back is rigid and arching, and the head is thrown backward. |
| pressured speech | Speech that is increased in amount, accelerated, and difficult or impossible to interrupt. usually it is also loud and emphatic. |
| prodrome | An early or premonitory sign or symptom of a disorder. |
| pseudocyesis | A false belief of being pregnant that is associated with objective signs and reported symptoms of pregnancy. |
| psychological distress | A range of symptoms and experiences of a person's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling, confusing, or out of the ordinary. |
| psychometric measures | Standardized instruments such as scales, questionnaires, tests, and assessments that are designed to measure human knowledge, abilities, attitudes, or personality traits. |
| psychomotor agitation | Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. The activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious and consists of behaviors such as pacing, fidgeting, wringing of the hands, pulling of clothes, and inability to sit still. |
| psychomotor retardation | Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. The activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious and consists of behaviors such as pacing, fidgeting, wringing of the hands, pulling of clothes, and inability to sit still. |
| psychotic features | Features characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorder |
| psychoticism | Exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs). |
| purging disorder | Eating disorder characterized by recurrent purging behavior to influence weight or shape, such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, in the absence of binge eating. |
| racing thoughts | A state in which the mind uncontrollably brings up random thoughts and memories and switches between them very quickly. |
| rapid cycling | Term referring to bipolar disorder characterized by the presence of at least four mood episodes in the previous 12 months that meet the criteria for a manic, hypo-manic, or major depressive episode. |
| rapid eye movement (REM) | A behavioral sign of the phase of sleep during which the sleeper is likely to be experiencing dreamlike mental activity. |
| repetitive speech | Morphologically heterogeneous iterations of speech. |
| residual phase | Period after an episode of schizophrenia that has partly or completed remitted but in which some symptoms may remain, and symptoms such as listlessness, problems with concentrating, and withdrawal from social activities may predominate. |
| restless legs syndrome | An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied or caused by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs (for pediatric restless legs syndrome, the description of these symptoms should be in the child's own words). |
| restricted affectivity | Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference and aloofness in normatively engaging situations. Restricted affectivity is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT. |
| risk taking | Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard to consequences; lack of concern for one's limitations and denial of the reality of personal danger, reckless pursuit of goals regardless of the level of risk involved. |
| rumination (rumination disorders) | Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. |
| seasonal pattern | A pattern of the occurrence of a specific mental disorder in selected seasons of the year. |
| self-directedness, self-direction | Pursuit of coherent and meaningful short-term and life goals, utilization of constructive and prosocial internal standards of behavior; ability to self-reflect productively. |
| separation insecurity | Fears of being alone due to rejection by and/or separation from significant others, based in a lack of confidence in one's ability to care for oneself, both physically and emotionally. |
| sex | Biological indication of male and female (understood in the context of reproductive capacity), such as sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, and nonambiguous internal and external genitalia. |
| sign | An objective manifestation of a pathological condition. Signs are observed by the examiner rather than reported by the affected individual. Compare with SYMPTOM. |
| sleep-onset REM | Occurrence of the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep within minutes after falling asleep. |
| sleep terrors | Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream. |
| sleepwalking | Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. |
| somnolence (or "drowsiness") | A state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. |
| specific food cravings | Irresistible desire for special types of food. |
| startle response (or “startle reaction”) | An involuntary (reflexive) reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus, such as a loud noise or sharp movement. |
| stereotypies, stereotyped behaviors/movements | Repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting). |
| stress | The pattern of specific and nonspecific responses a person makes to stimulus events that disturb his or her equilibrium and tax or exceed his or her ability to cope. |
| stressor | Any emotional, physical, social, economic, or other factor that disrupts the normal physiological, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral balance of an individual. |
| stressor, psychological | Any life event or life change that may be associated temporally (and perhaps causally) with the onset, occurrence, or exacerbation of a mental disorder. |
| stupor | Lack of psychomotor activity, which may range from not actively relating to the environment to complete immobility. |
| submissiveness | Adaptation of one’s behavior to the actual or perceived interests and desires of others even when doing so is antithetical to one's own interests, needs, or desires. |
| subsyndromal | Below a specified level or threshold required to qualify for a particular condition. |
| suicidal ideas (suicidal ideation) | Thoughts about self-harm, with deliberate consideration or planning of possible techniques of causing one's own death. |
| suicide | The act of intentionally causing one's own death. |
| suicide attempt | An attempt to end one's own life, which may lead to one's death. |
| suspiciousness | Expectations of—and sensitivity to—signs of interpersonal ill intent or harm; doubts about loyalty and fidelity of others; feelings of being mistreated, used, and/or persecuted by others. |
| symptom | A subjective manifestation of a pathological condition. Symptoms are reported by the affected individual rather than observed by the examiner. Compare with SIGN. |
| syndrome | A grouping of signs and symptoms, based on their frequent co-occurrence that may suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection. |
| synesthesias | A condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. |
| temper outburst | An emotional outburst (also called a “tantrum”), usually associated with children or those in emotional distress, and typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, defiance, angry ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification, and in some cases hitting. |
| thought-action fusion | The tendency to treat thoughts and actions as equivalent. |
| tic | An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization. |
| tolerance | A situation that occurs with continued use of a drug in which an individual requires greater dosages to achieve the same effect. |
| transgender | The broad spectrum of individuals who transiently or permanently identify with a gender different from their natal gender. |
| transsexual | An individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but not all cases may also involve a somatic transition by cross-sex hormone treatment and genital surgery (“sex reassignment surgery”). |
| traumatic stressor | Any event (or events) that may cause or threaten death, serious injury, or sexual violence to an individual, a close family member, or a close friend. |
| unusual beliefs and experiences | Belief that one has unusual abilities, such as mind reading telekinesis, or THOUGHT-ACTION FUSION; unusual experiences of reality, including hallucinatory experiences. In general, the unusual beliefs are not held at the same level of conviction as DELUSIONS. |
| waxy flexibility | Slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner. Compare with CATALEPSY. |
| withdrawal, social | Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; AVOIDANCE of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact. Social withdrawal is a facet of the broad personality trait domain DETACHMENT. |
| worry | Unpleasant or uncomfortable thoughts that cannot be consciously controlled by trying to turn the attention to other subjects. |
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