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Phys. Geo. Exam 1
Chapters 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is an objective statement? a. I observed it rained yesterday b. my father is a good man c. Geology is an important science d. The blue cupcake tastes better e. everyone should take a geology class | a. I observed it rained yesterday |
| What distinguishes science from pseudoscience? | Concepts must be falsifiable to be considered science. |
| Why is science normally a slow process? | The process of weeding out misinformation and verifying results takes time. |
| In the scientific method, which of these steps would normally follow experimentation and sharing of results? | Peer review |
| Which of the following best matches the word theory? a. idea based on observations b. idea undergoing experimentation c. idea whose experimental results agree w/ hypothesis d. concept widely tested & accepted e. conclusion subjected to peer review | d. concept widely tested & accepted |
| Which of following is an ex. of inductive reasoning, in contrast w/ Aristotelian deductive reasoning? a. gravity works same way in past as today b. if plate tectonics true, pangea will form again c. new mineral on mars leads to new hyp. = water on mars | c. new mineral on mars leads to new hyp. = water on mars |
| What evidence was found by Galileo that proved the Earth could not be the center of the universe? | Moons orbiting around Jupiter |
| Which of the following is the advantage of inductive reasoning, in contrast with deductive (Aristotelian) reasoning? a. use of replication b. focus on observation c. reasoning is more sound d. focus on conclusions | b. focus on observation |
| The idea that the Sun was the center of the Solar System was first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 and is known as the ______. | ,Heliocentric model |
| What simple scientific technique did geologists like Hutton, Steno, and Lyell use to draw fundamental geologic conclusions? | Comparing ancient rocks/fossils to modern counterparts |
| Which of these is NOT consistent with uniformitarianism? a. earthquake moves ground 6in, so mtn gets taller b. asteroid hit earth and killed dinos c. erosion occurs every spring to every year valley gets deeper | b. asteroid hit earth and killed dinos |
| Which of these assumptions is required for uniformitarianism to hold true? a. every geologic process on earth in past still operate b. Processes have been governed by same set of rules of nature since begin of time c. geologic time is vast and slow | b. Processes have been governed by same set of rules of nature since begin of time |
| Igneous rocks form by ___________. | crystallization |
| Which layer of the Earth is liquid? | Outer core |
| Which of the following is NOT important in judging the credibility of a source? a. Made by scientists who never wrong before b. Research was reviewed by peers who have expertise in the field c. Inferences clearly distinguished from data in report | a. Made by scientists who never wrong before |
| Science deniers commonly use three rhetorical arguments. What is the one they don’t generally use? | Present alternative scientific data to disprove scientific conclusions |
| Why do scientists prefer quantitative data? | Reveal trends and show options for analysis |
| Why are objective observations so important to science? | They are helpful in removing bias |
| What paradigm shift in geology most changed the way geologists look at the world? | Plate tectonics |
| In the scientific method, which step would normally follow observation? a. Hypothesis development b. Theory development c. Hypothesis revision d. Data analysis e. Peer review | a. Hypothesis development |
| Deductive reasoning focuses on ____________, while inductive reasoning deals with _____________. | observation; inference |
| As metamorphism progresses and intensifies in the rock cycle, what event or process is likely to take place next? | Melting |
| Which large chunk of geologic time is characterized by the lack of easy-to-find fossils? | Precambrian |
| Which of the following geologic phenomena is outside the realm of uniformitarianism? a. When sea levels are high, marine rocks form on continents b. Banded iron formed as oxygen entered the atmosphere c. Diamonds come from deep upper mantle processes | b. Banded iron formed as oxygen entered the atmosphere |
| The observation that “23% of the sandstone is composed of the mineral quartz” is best characterized as a ____ and ____ observation. | quantitative and objective |
| Why did Aristotelian empiricism fall out of favor as science advanced? | It relied on evidence observable only by human senses |
| Is Matching fossils and rocks evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | continental drift |
| Is GPS measurements evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | plate tectonics |
| Is Mid-ocean ridge found evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | plate tectonics |
| Is Ocean trenches found evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | plate tectonics |
| Is Matching coastlines evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | continental drift |
| Is Lined-up earthquakes evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | plate tectonics |
| Is Warm places glaciated evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | continental drift |
| Is Cooler places with tropical fossils evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | continental drift |
| Is Paleomagnetism showing moving rocks evidence for continental drift or evidence for plate tectonics? | plate tectonics |
| How did scientists first figure out plates could sink into the interior of the planet, since no one can see this happening? | Lines of progressively-deeper earthquakes near arcs and trenches |
| Which of following are NOT evidence Wegener used to construct idea of Continental Drift? a. Evidence of drastic climate shifts in geologic record b. Matching mtn belts of similar age & rock types c. Earthquake locations lined up w/ crustal features | c. Earthquake locations lined up w/ crustal features |
| The lowest density layer is the _______ | Crust |
| The highest density layer is the _______ | Inner Core |
| The only liquid layer is the _______ | Outer Core |
| The largest layer by volume is the _______ | Mantle |
| The layer plates are made from is the _______ | Lithosphere |
| The layer that moves the plates around is the _______ | Asthenosphere |
| Which layer of the Earth can move internally or flow to allow the plates to move around on it? a. Inner core b. Lithosphere c. Outer core d. Asthenosphere | d. Asthenosphere |
| What makes continental plates different than oceanic plates? | Continental plates are ductile and can flow internally |
| What term is used for a boundary between a continent and an ocean basin without relative motion between them? | Passive |
| Why do high mountains like the Alps and Himalayas form when continents collide? | The materials of continental plates are similar in density and don’t subduct beneath one another |
| What feature is associated with crustal divergence? | Mid-ocean ridge |
| Why do continents generally not subduct? | Continents are too low in density to subduct |
| Which of these are features found at rift zones? a. high mtn ranges on continents b. tsunamis and lg earthquakes c. trenches d. grabens and faults and rifts at 120 degree angle e. volcanic arcs | d. grabens and faults and rifts at 120 degree angle |
| What happens as newly formed oceanic crust moves away from the mid-ocean ridge? | The crust gets colder |
| Other than midocean ridges, where on Earth is the best example of current (active) rifting? | East Africa |
| How is magma generated at divergent boundaries? | Decreased pressure |
| As a rift forms on a continent, what feature can form next? | Ocean basin |
| What famous transform fault is known for being the boundary between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate in California? | San Andreas fault |
| What type of motion occurs at a transform boundary? Plates move ____________. | side to side |
| What makes transform boundaries different than other boundaries? | Transform has less volcanoeS |
| Why are piercing points important with transform boundaries? | They track movement |
| What are the ways transform faults move? | Left (sinistral) and right (dextral) |
| What makes the Hawaiian hot spot different than the Yellowstone hot spot? | Different types of tectonic plates |
| According to the Wilson Cycle, what feature or process is most likely to occur after collision and formation of a supercontinent? | Rifting |
| What features or processes are common in hot spots? | Volcanism |
| A line of shallow earthquakes with little or no volcanism is likely evidence of what type of plate boundary? | transform |
| Which plate boundary has the largest and deepest earthquakes? | Subduction |
| Why are there not as many earthquakes or volcanoes on the east coast of North America as the west coast of North America? | It is not close to a plate boundary (passive margin). |
| Why did Alfred Wegener never get the support of the scientific community for his hypothesis of continental drift during his lifetime? | He could not provide a mechanism for how continents moved |
| We are not able to get rocks from deep within the Earth. What is the most direct source of information that allows us to draw conclusions about the interior? | Seismic waves |
| Of these, what boundary generally produces new liquid magma? a. transform b. continent to continent c. passive d. subduction e. collision | d. subduction |
| What happens to the crust as you move towards the mid-ocean ridge? | the crust gets younger |
| Which plate boundary is least likely to be dangerous to humans? | Mid-ocean ridge |
| Which tectonic setting places the asthenosphere farthest from the surface? a. Continental collisions b. Transform boundaries c. Rifts d. Subduction zones e, Mid-ocean ridges | a. Continental collisions |
| What is the biggest difference between hot-spot volcanism in an island chain and plate tectonic volcanism in an island chain? | Hot spots have age trends |
| Minerals have a crystalline structure. What does this mean? | That the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner. |
| If a magnesium ion is labeled +2, what does that mean? | It has lost two electrons |
| If an atom of the twelfth element (magnesium) has an atomic mass of 25, how many protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (e) does it have? | p=12, n=13, e=12 |
| Which of the following is considered to make up a mineral or minerals? a. Glass b. lab grown diamond c. your baby tooth d. fossil baby tooth e. lump of coal | d. fossil baby tooth |
| When a positively-charged sodium ion is chemically bonded with a negatively-charged chlorine ion to make sodium chloride (i.e. the mineral halite), this is an example of _____. | ionic bonding |
| Which of the following does not cause an increase in mineral precipitation? a. Changing pressure b. Evaporating water c. Changing oxygen levels d. Heating a fluid e. Cooling a fluid | d. Heating a fluid |
| The igneous mineral olivine has a formula (Fe,Mg)SiO4. What does the (Fe,Mg) mean? | The mineral took either Fe or Mg from the magma as needed |
| What is the most common mineral formed by life? | Calcite |
| When a mineral precipitates from solution, it ____________. | crystallizes into a crystal |
| Why are mica minerals “like a sandwich”? | Because layers of weak bonds cause the platy mineral to easily cleave into sheet |
| Which of the following is NOT an arrangement of silica tetrahedra in silicate minerals? a. double chain b. triple chain c. 3-D frameworks d. Isolated e. single chain f. sheet | b. triple chain |
| What elements are in the silica tetrahedra, the basic unit of silicate minerals? | 4 oxygens and 1 silicon |
| Which mineral group provides important ores of copper, lead, and zinc, among other metals? | Sulfides |
| Why are only some minerals found as native minerals? For example, iron and aluminum are almost never found as native elements in nature. | Most elements are too reactive to occur in native form |
| What is the most common origin of carbonate minerals in nature? | Made by marine life |
| Regarding the Mohs Hardness Scale table, if a mineral scratches the copper penny but NOT the glass plate, then the hardness is around ____. | 4.5 |
| Which mineral identification property involves making powder of a mineral? a. streak b. color c. cleavage d. hardness e. luster | a. streak |
| What luster determination is a good starting point for mineral identification? | Metallic/non-metallic |
| Cleavage is a product of ____________ in a mineral’s atomic structure. | weakness |
| Which of following is true about minerals? a. Minerals always contain silicon and oxygen b. All rocks have more than 1 mineral c. Minerals can't derive from living things d. Minerals can only be made naturally | d. Minerals can only be made naturally |
| What are the two (2) most abundant elements in Earth’s crust? | Silicon (Si) & Oxygen (O) |
| What is the chemical formula of the silica tetrahedra, the building block of all silicate minerals? | SiO4 |
| What makes native elements different than all other minerals? | They contain only one element |
| Select one process by which minerals are NOT made? a. Precipitating from water via organisms b. Freezing of water c. Cooling from magma d. Precipitating from water e. Acid reactions from rain | e. Acid reactions from rain |
| Which mineral group is composed of a 3-D framework of silica tetrahedra? | feldspar |
| What controls a mineral’s color? | Elements present |
| Which mineral family has silica tetrahedra that are not connected by sharing corner oxygens with other tetrahedra and are thus isolated tetrahedra? | olivine |
| Which of these is actually a mineral? a. calcite in a living coral b. carbon in coal c. icicle hanging from a pine tree d. ice cube in your drink e. apatite in your collar bone | c. icicle hanging from a pine tree |
| Why might a single mineral (like pyrite) have several different crystal habits? | Atoms in its structure can be arranged differently |
| Where do igneous rocks with a coarse-grained (phaneritic) texture form? | deep under the surface |
| How does the silica content affect the behavior of magma? | Higher silica makes the magma more viscous |
| Which rock composition has the most amount of iron and magnesium? a. ultramafic b. felsic c. mafic d. intermediate | a. ultramafic |
| What causes igneous rocks to develop a fine-grained (aphanitic) texture? | Fast cooling |
| A basaltic intrusion that cuts across layers of sedimentary rocks is called a _______. | dike |
| Examine Bowen’s Reaction Series diagram. If a rock contains amphibole, potassium feldspar (orthoclase), and quartz, if the rock is heated, which mineral would melt first? | quartz |
| Examine Bowen’s Reaction Series diagram. Which mineral has the highest temperature of crystallization? | olivine |
| Examine Bowen’s Reaction Series diagram. As a felsic magma cools, which mineral would be the last to crystallize? | quartz |
| Explosive silica-rich volcanoes will be located mostly at ______. | convergent plate boundaries with subduction zones |
| Deep-sea hydrothermal vents (black smokers) are most commonly located at what plate boundary? | divergent boundaries of the mid-ocean ridge |
| The largest type of volcano is called a _______ volcano and is characterized by broad, low-angle flanks, a small vent or groups of vents at the top, and basaltic magma. | shield volcano |
| A __________ is a volcanic hazard arising from a collapsing eruption column that runs downhill at high speeds (>100 mph). These are associated with explosive eruptions and a mix of lava lapilli, pumice, ash, and hot gases. | pyroclastic flow |
| A _______ volcano has steep flanks, symmetrical cone shapes, distinct crater at the top, and a silica-rich magma that results in an explosive eruption style. | stratovolcano (or composite volcano) |
| Which of these relatively recent volcanic eruptions formed a caldera? a. Yellowstone b. Mt. St. Helens c. Mauna Loa d. Mt. Fuji e. Paracutin | a. Yellowstone |
| What kind of volcanoes make up the Hawaiian Island Chain? | shield volcanoes |
| Most volcanoes on the sea floor erupt ________. | Quietly with basaltic magma |
| Why does partial melting occur? | Because some minerals have lower melting points than others |
| Which of these is NOT a means by which magmas are generated in the Earth? a. decompression melting b. flux melting c. liquid melting d. added heat melting | c. liquid melting |
| What does the Bowen Reaction Series show about the mineral composition of igneous rocks? | The minerals in igneous rocks form in separate groups that depend on the temperature at which they crystallize. |
| Bowen’s Reaction Series has been expressed as a Y-shaped diagram containing how many minerals? | 8 |
| A rock with aphanitic texture and dark color is best identified as a _______________. | basalt |
| A pegmatite is characterized by __________ that forms from __________. | Very large crystals of felsic composition; very slow cooling of residual material expelled from cooling magma |
| A porphyritic igneous rock has what defining characteristic? | Larger crystals in a finer grained groundmass |
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