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Human Physiology
Flashcards for week 1-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afferent (AF-fer-ent) | Signals or pathways that carry information toward a central point (e.g., from a sensor to a control center). |
| Circadian (sir-KAY-dee-en) | Biological processes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, influencing physiological functions such as sleep and temperature regulation. |
| Effector (ef-FEK-tor) | An organ or cell that acts in response to a signal from the control center to restore homeostasis. |
| Efferent (EF-fer-ent) | Signals or pathways that carry information away from a central point (e.g., from a control center to an effector). |
| Extrinsic control (eks-TRIN-sik kon-TROL) | Regulatory mechanisms that originate outside of the organ or system being controlled. |
| Feedback control loop (FEED-bak kon-TROL loop) | A system where outputs are circled back and used as inputs to control the process. |
| Feed-forward | A process where the system anticipates changes and prepares in advance. |
| Homeostasis (hoh-mee-oh-STAY-sis) | The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body despite external changes. |
| Hypothalamus (hye-poh-THAL-ah-mus) | A region of the brain that regulates homeostasis by controlling body temperature, hunger, and thirst. |
| Integrator (IN-te-gray-ter) | A control center that processes information from sensors and determines the appropriate response. |
| Intracellular control | Mechanisms that operate within the cell to regulate its functions. |
| Intrinsic control | Control mechanisms that originate from within the tissue or organ itself. |
| Negative feedback | A process that counteracts a change in a physiological variable to maintain homeostasis. |
| Positive feedback | A process that amplifies a change in a physiological variable, often leading to a specific outcome. |
| Set Point | A normal range for a physiological variable that the body attempts to maintain. |
| Pathology | The study of diseases and the physiological processes associated with them. |
| What are two essential functions of the integumentary system? | Temperature regulation and vitamin D synthesis. |
| How does the skin help regulate body temperature? | Through sweating, vasodilation (heat loss), and vasoconstriction (heat retention). |
| What happens to blood vessels in the skin when body temperature rises? | They dilate (vasodilation) to increase blood flow and release heat. |
| What happens to blood vessels in the skin when body temperature drops? | They constrict (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood flow and conserve heat. |
| What is the role of sweat glands in temperature regulation? | They release sweat, which evaporates and cools the body. |
| How does vitamin D synthesis occur in the skin? | UV radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), which is later activated in the liver and kidneys. |
| Why is vitamin D important for the body? | It helps with calcium absorption, which is essential for bone health. |
| What is an example of the integumentary system regulating body temperature? | During exercise, sweating helps cool the body, and blood vessels dilate to release heat. |
| What is an example of vitamin D synthesis in daily life? | When exposed to sunlight, the skin produces vitamin D, which helps strengthen bones. |
| What is the underlying layer of the skin that provides insulation and cushioning? | The hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). |
| What two proteins work together with ATP to produce mechanical motion in muscles? | Myosin and actin. |
| What is the role of myosin in muscle contraction? | Myosin is a motor protein that uses ATP to generate mechanical energy by interacting with actin. |
| How does ATP contribute to muscle contraction? | ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin. When ATP is hydrolyzed, energy is released, allowing myosin to reset and pull actin. |
| What type of enzyme is myosin classified as? | Myosin is an ATPase, meaning it helps break down ATP into ADP and a phosphate group. |
| What happens when ATP binds to the myosin head? | Myosin detaches from actin, resetting for the next contraction cycle. |
| What does ATP hydrolysis do to the myosin head? | It releases energy, cocking the myosin head into a high-energy state. |
| What happens when the phosphate group is released from myosin? | It releases stored energy, allowing myosin to push on the actin filament, leading to muscle contraction. |
| How does this process convert energy? | It converts chemical bond energy from ATP into mechanical motion, which powers muscle movement. |
| Why is ATP essential for muscle function? | Without ATP, myosin would remain attached |
| What type of skeleton do humans have? | An endoskeleton, meaning it is inside the body. |
Created by:
Felijoe7
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