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Psych Exam 1
Ch.1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Scientific study of the mind and behavior both people and other organisms |
| Structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt; 1879) | Understanding the conscious experience through introspection. Finding simplest components of mind |
| Functionalism (William James; 1890s, 1900s, John Dewey, George Herbert Mead) | Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment |
| Behaviorism (1910s and1920s) | Focus on observing and controlling behavior |
| Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud 20th century) | Focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences, and this particular perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades |
| Gestalt Psychologists (1930s and 1940s) | Considering the human individual as a whole rather than as a sum of individually measured parts became an important foundation in humanistic theory late in the century |
| Cognitive Psychologists (1950s to present) | Study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions |
| Neuroscience | Beginning to connect thinking and behavior patterns |
| Careers | Industrial/organizational psych (corporate work), Mental health fields, School settings, Marketing and or advertising, Human factors |
| Scientific Method | Is a way to ask & answer questions. ● Human thinking and perception is deeply flawed (e.g., knowing vs remembering) ● Helps overcome biases and errors in thinking |
| Experiments | Allow us to determine cause and effect relationships. Test hypotheses. 1. Manipulate at least 1 IV 2. Measure at least 1 DV 3. Control extraneous variables |
| Non-Experimental Methods | For situations in which we cannot do experiments. They don’t allow us to determine cause and effect. |
| Surveys | Population, sample, representativeness. List of questions to be answered by research participants questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observation of behavior in its natural setting |
| Case studies | Observational research study focusing on one or a few people. Used to study rare phenomena |
| Correlational Designs | Relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does |
| Operationalizing | Specifying exactly what we mean (in observable terms) by I.V and D.V |
| Confounds | Extraneous variables that systematically differ between groups. We cannot make a conclusion about cause & effect. The study is uninterpretable. Solution: random assignment. |
| Sources of Bias | Hawthorne effect: watching a person will affect their behavior ● Demand characteristics: aspects of experiments that may give away the research purpose to participants ● Socially desirable responding ● Single, double blind studies |
| Ethical | Obtaining informed consent, avoiding coercion and protecting participants’ privacy. |
| Replication | Science is probabilistic for every result published, there’s a finite and calculable chance that it is wrong ● replication is CRUCIAL– we don’t rely on single, pivotal studies |
| Neurons | Single-cell building blocks of nervous system. One neuron can connect to thousands of others. |
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