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Gut health and food

QuestionAnswer
1) Name, in sequence, the features of the gut through which a bolus of food/chyme passes: 1. Mouth (Oral cavity) 2.Oesophagus 3.Stomach 4.Small intestine 4.1.Duodenum 4.2.Jejunum 4.3.Ileum 5.Large intestine 6.Anus
2) Name the accessory organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract. 1.Salivary glands 2.Pancreas 3.Liver 4.Gall Bladder
3) How many different salivary glands are there? Name them. There are 3: 1. Parotid gland 2. Sublingual gland 3. Submandibular gland
4) Salivary amylase is active in whichparts of the digestive system? Mouth
5) What are the 6 processes of the digestive tract? 1.Ingestion 2. Secretion 3. Motility 4. Digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation
6) Name the 4 layers of the wall of the gut 1.Mucosa-innermost 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis 4.Serosa-outermost
7) Within the epithelial layer of the gut what do the exocrine cells do? The epithelial layer is: Directly in contact with the contents of GI tract. Replaced every 5-7 days. Contains exocrine cells: secrete mucous and fluid. Contains enteroendocrine cells: secrete hormones
8) What does MALT mean when referring to the cells of the laminia propria? MALT: Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues -Immune system cells -All throughout G.I. tract -Prominently tonsils
9) How often do the epithelial cells get replaced? Replaced every 5-7 days
10) What feature of the stomach and small intestine helps create folds? -Stomach Rugae- Folds in the inner lining of the stomach that allow it to expand when food enters. They help with mechanical digestion by churning food. -Small intestine Plicae Circulares (Circular Folds) Villi and Microvilli
10.1) What are Plicae Circulares (Circular Folds) and Villi and Microvilli? Plicae Circulares(Circular Folds)-Permanent folds in the inner lining of the small intestine that increase surface area and slow the movement of food. -Villi and Microvilli- These microscopic finger- increase surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.
11) Which enzyme(s) are found in the microvilli of the small intestine? 1.Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes: -Maltase -Lactase -Sucrase 2. Protein-digesting enzymes: -Aminopeptidase -Dipeptidase 3. Nucleic acid-digesting enzymes: - Nucleosidases and Phosphatases
11.1) What are carbs-digesting enzymes? Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes: -Maltase – Breaks maltose into two glucose molecules. -Lactase – Breaks lactose into glucose and galactose. -Sucrase – Breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose.
11.2) What are Protein-digesting enzymes? Protein-digesting enzymes: -Aminopeptidase- Breaks down peptides into smaller peptides and amino acids. -Dipeptidase- Breaks dipeptides into individual amino acids.
11.3) What are Nucleic acid-digesting enzymes? Nucleosidases and Phosphatases: -Break down nucleotides into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups.
12) Name two functions of the submucosa? 1. Binds mucosa to muscularis 2. Regulates chemical digestion
13) Name the four functions of the stomach? 1.To mix saliva, food and gastric juice – this makes chyme 2.To act as a reservoir for food before being released into the duodenum 3.To secrete gastric juice 4.To secrete gastrin into the blood
13.1) Detailed of the 3rd of the stomach 3. Containing HCl – kills bacteria and denatures protein•Containing Pepsinogen which become pepsin (an endopeptidase)•Containing Intrinsic factor – essential for the absorption of vitamin B12•Containing gastric lipase – important for the digestion of TAGs
13.2) Detailed of the 4th functions of the stomach 4. •Gastrin: a peptide hormone •Stimulates the secretion of gastric juice
14) What is the size of the stomach of a new born? 10-20mL
15) The small intestine can absorb which of the following? •Monosaccharides-glucose, fructose, and galactose
16) What is gastrin, what does it do and where does it get excreted from? Gastrin is a peptide hormone which stimulates the secretion of gatric acid (HCI) and promotes digestive functions in the stomach. It is secreted by the G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas in response to food-proteins.
17) Name the four layers of the stomach. 1.Mucosa -Epithelium -Lamina Propria 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis External -Inner Oblique Layer (unique to the stomach, helps with mixing food). -Middle Circular Layer. -Outer Longitudinal Layer. 4.Serosa (Visceral Peritoneum)
18) What do the chief cells do and where are they located? Chief cells are specialized cells found in the mucosa layer. They are responsible for producing and secreting pepsinogen, an inactive precursor of the enzyme pepsin (activated by acidic environment). Pepsin-digestion of proteins.
19) What does a parietal cell do? 1.Secrete Hydrochloric aci (HCI) -Lowers the pH of the stomach -Create acidic environment for the activation of pepsinogen to pepsin and aids in the breakdown of food -Acidic environment-kill harmful bacteria and pathogens 2. Secret Intrinsic factor
20) In which part of the digestive system does the digestion of proteins and lipids commence 1. Proteins -Begins in the stomach -Enzyme pepsin- activated from its inactive form pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by parietal cells. 2. Lipids -Begins in the small intestine
21) What is intrinsic factor and why is it important? -Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells. Plays a crucial role in vitamin B12 absorption (cobalamin) -Vitamin B12 essential for red blood cell production> DNA synthesis -IF binds to VitB12 in the stomach, absorb in the ileum
22) How does food travel through the intestine? By wavelike muscle contractions
23) How does the small intestine have such a large surface area for absorption? 1.Circular Folds (Plicae Circulares)-Large and permanent folds in the lining of small intestine. Helps slow down the passage of food so nutrients can be absorbed 2.Villi 3.Microvilli
23.1) Villi 2.Villi-Tiny finger-like projections,inner surface of small intestine. Transport absorbed nutrients. Villi greatly increase the surface area, making absorption more efficient.
23.2) Microvilli 3. Surface of the epithelial cells of the villi, there are even smaller projections called microvilli. Together, these form the brush border. Microvilli increase the surface area. Absorption of nutrients like amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids.
24) Where does nucleic acid digestion occur? Small intestine
25) What is the name of the cells that regulate the composition of the intestinal flora? Intestinal flora (microbiota) are called Paneth cells.
Created by: Chatthanit
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