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Microbiology
Bacteria, type,infection,virulence factors,antibiotics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Staphylococcus Aureus | Type: gram positive staphylococci, Catalase positive coagulase postive yellow/gold color (B-hemolysis) on agar plate Virulence factors: capule,fibronectin binding protein,panton-valentine leukocydin(neutrophil killers),superantigen exotoxins(toxic shock syndrome,exfoliating toxin) Disease/Infections: local/deep skin infections,acute endocarditis,pneumonia,nosocomial infections(hospital),toxinoses(toxic shock syndrome),gastroenteritis,scalded skin syndrome,uti,epidural abscess |
| Staphylococcus Aureus Antibiotic resistance | Methicillin resistance(MRSA) Hospital: in elderly,multidrug resistance community: young people,more virulent,not as drug resistant Treat with: vancomycin(MRSA) and oxacillin (MSSA) |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Type: Gram positive staphylococci (catalase positive) Coagulase negative (can make clusters) white colonies on agar plate Disease/Infection: catheter/heart valves(biofilms) Treat with: vancomycin |
| streptococcus pyogenes | Type: gram positive streptococci catalase negative nonmotile Group A b-hemolytic (clear zones on plate) Virulence factors: capsule(hyaluronic acid),Cell wall(M protein),exotoxin(pyrogenic/superantigen,C5a peptidase) Disease/Infection: acute pharyngitis(strep throat),impetigo,puerperal sepsis, GAS,toxic shock syndrome,acute rheumatic fever Treat with: penicillin |
| streptococcus agalactiae | Type: gram positive streptococci nonmotile catalase negative Group B b-hemolysis(clear zone on plates) Location: vaginal tract (birth transmission) Diseases/infection: neonatal septicemia,meningitis(female pregnant,babies) Treat with: prophylaxis ampicillin |
| streptococcus pneumoniae | Type: Gram positive streptococci nonmotile,diplococcus catalase negative alpha hemolytic(greenish hue) Virulence factors: capsule,pili,pneumolysin(inhibits neutrophil/activates complement) Diseases/Infection: community acquired pneumonia,otitis media(ear infection),sepsis , meningitis Treat with: amoxicillin,amoxicillin clavulanate(ear) cephalosporins(CAP) |
| enterococcus faecium | Type: gram positive Catalase negative a,b,y hemolytic part of normal fecal flora Disease/Infections: nosocomial infections with antibiotic resistance Treat with: ampicillin |
| enterococcus fecalis | Type: gram positive Catalase negative a,b,y hemolytic part of normal fecal flora Disease/Infections: nosocomial infections with antibiotic resistance Treat with: ampicillin |
| Corynebacterium Diphtheriae | Type: gram positive rods Pleomorphic catalase positive Grown in tellurite media Spread by aerosol Production: AB toxin (inactivates EF-2 that prevents protein synthesis/causing cell death (diphtheria toxin) Disease/Infection: Pseudomembranes in throat from URI Vaccine: yes, neutralizes toxins activity |
| Bacillus anthracis | Type: gram positive rods catalase positive forms endospores Disease/Infection: skin abrasions,inhalation anthrax ,cutaneous/pulmonary anthrax,respiratory infections category A bioterrorism Virulence factors: AB exotoxins (edema(increases CAMP/lethal(necrosis) Treat with: ciprofloxacin |
| Listeria Monocytogenes | Type: gram positive rods catalase positive Location: ice cream,cheese,meat,poultry Growth at 4c Commonly infects: pregnant women.fetuses.newborns,immunocompromised Disease/Infection: meningitis,septicemia Virulence factors: listeriolysin O (bacteria escape phagosomes),comet tails(control actin to move through host/penetration) Treat with: ampicillin/penicillin |
| Neisseria Gonorrhhea | Type: gram negative cocci Catalase positive , oxidase positive Virulence factors: opacity proteins(11 proteins,antigenic variation),pili,LPS grown on thayer martin chocolate agar uses glucose as a carbon source Diseases/Infections: sexual transmitted(STI),ophthalmia neonatorum(neonate transmission at birth) Treat with: ceftriaxone |
| Neisseria Meningitidis | Type: Gram negative cocci Catalase positive, oxidase positive,maltose/glucose positive polysaccharide capsule positive can grow on thayer martin agar,vaccine Virulence factors: LOS(antigenic variation),capsule(important),pili contains serogroups(A,B,C)(B and C cause disease/mortality) and serotypes for identification Disease/infection: meningitis(purpuric rash),travels through respiratory droplets,septicemia(x<12 hours), one year olds more susceptible Treat with: third generation cephalosporin |
| Escherichia Coli | Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales, facultative anaerobe catalase positive , oxidase negative ferments glu/lact. location:fecal contamination, inside/outside GI tract Strains: O(LPS),H,(flagella)K(capsules), Ecoli is most common cause of UITs or UPEC Treat with: nitrofurantoin |
| Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) | Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive,oxidase negative,facultative anaerobe ferments glu/lact. location: fecal oral route person-person, travelers diarrhea Releases toxins: heat stable and heat labile(increases CAMP)make water diarrhea infection: non invasive (does not go into the cells) |
| Enteropathogenic E.Coli(EPEC) | Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive , oxidase negative Ferments glu./lact. location:fecal contamination and cause of diarrhea in infants from poor sanitation Virulence factors: type 3 secretion systems leads to pedestal development, water diarrhea infection: non invasive(does not enter the cells) |
| Enterohemorrhagic E Coli (EHEC) | Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive , oxidase negative ferments glu/lact. contains shiga like toxins 1 or 2, which make bloody diarrhea without mucosal information serotype: O157:H7 Disease/Infection: hemolytic uremic syndrome(HUS), fever,acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia,thrombocytopenia in children 5-1 Treat with: not recommended due to toxins cells release |
| Salmonella | Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive Produces dihydrogen sulfide Location: eggs, poultry,pet turtles serotypes: typhi,typhimurium typhi in gallbladder(chronic carriers) function: invades m cells/intracellular pathogen Disease/infection: gastroenteritis(serovars enteritidis/typhimurium), enteric/typhoid fever(typhi) can lead death symptoms include chills,sweats,headaches anorexia/constipation Treat with: ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin,azithromycin |
| Shigella | Type: Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive cause of shigellosis humans are the only natural host Spread by fecal-oral route examples: S.sonnei and S.flexneri Virulence factor: shiga toxin(exotoxin) Disease/Infection: invasion/destruction of large intestine,bloody diarrhea,HUS with s.dysenteriae Treat with: cerftriaxone,ciprofloxacin, |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Type: Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive Disease/Infection: UIT,Bactermia(hospital patients), multidrug resistance infections Treat with: 3rd/4th cephalosporins |
| Serratia Marcescens | Type: gram negative rods,Enterobacterales catalase positive Disease/Infection: lower respiratory infections,UTIs(hospital patients) multidrug resistant, will give a pink hue Treat with: depends due to the multi drug resistance |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Type: vibrio/spirillum gram negative rods catalase positive contain darting motility Location: fecal oral contamination,wild,domestic animals Virulence factors: cytotoxin and enterotoxin Disease/Infection: acute enteritis (diarrhea) Treat with: azithromycin |
| Vibrio vulnificans | Type: vibrio/ short curved gram negative rods catalase positive rapid motility from single polar flagella, growth of media contains NACL Location: aquatic environments (oceans.oesters) Virulence factors: O antigens(LPS) Disease/Infection: ,soft tissue infections/necrotizing fasciitis(seafood) Treat with: doxycycline + ceftazidime |
| Vibrio cholerae | Type: gram negative rod catalase positive Disease/Infection: cholera disease(dehydration/hypovolemia) Cause from raw or undercooked seafood , water contamination Virulence factors: cholera toxin(AB toxin) activates g proteins which elevates CAMP, makes rice water stool Treat with doxycycline rapid motility |
| Helicobacter Pylori | Type: curved or spiral/spirochete gram negative rod catalase positive rapid motility Produce urease(positive test) Virulence factors: urease(neutralize stomach acid),cytotoxin(destroys mucus cells) Disease/Infection: acute gastritis(no diarrhea),duodenal/gastric ulcers, gastric carcinoma,gastric B cell lymphoma Treat with: metronidazole + tetracycline |
| Haemophilus Influenzae | Type: nonenteric Gram negative pleomorphic rods(cap.uncap.) Requires: factor x(humin) and v (NAP) both for growth Tybe B(Hib) humans natural host(transmission through respiratory droplets) Virulence Factors: capsule Disease/Infection: bacterial meningitis(children) Treat with:3rd gen. cephalosporin/vaccine |
| Bordetella Pertussis | Type:nonenteric Gram negative coccobacilli(single/pairs) Disease/Infection: whooping cough deadly in unvaccinated children Virulence factors: pertussis toxin(AB toxin) lymphocytosis,sensitive to histamine/insulin secretion phases of diseases 1) catarrhal phase: contagious 2) paroxysmal phase(whooping cough begins) Treat with: azithromycin/vaccine |
| Legionella Pneumophila | Type: nonenteric Gram negative rods(facultative intracellular parasite) atypical bacteria in CAP prevents phagolysosomal fusion (pulmonary macrophage replication) Disease/Infection: legionnaires disease and pontiac fever Treat With: azithromycin |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Type: nonenteric Gram negative non fermenting rod, ,motile,encapsulated, facultative anaerobe,oxidase positive produces green/blue(pyocyanin) odor produced: grape juice or tortilla chips Virulence factors: toxins,pili,capsule,secretion systems Disease/Infection: biofilms,multidrug resistance, localized infections,systemic infections People with cystic fibrosis(increased mucus) are more susceptible(problems in hospitals) Treat with: piperacillin,tazobactam |
| moraxella catarrhalis | Type:nonenteric Gram negative coccobacillus, oxidase positive,non fermenters Disease/Infections: respiratory systems,ear,eye,CNS,joint infections Treat with: amoxicillin clavulanate |
| acinetobacter baumanii | Type:nonenteric Gram negative coccobacillus,oxidase negative,non fermenter Disease/Infection: nosocomial infections Treat with: beta lactams/carbapenems |
| clostridium perfringens | Type: anaerobic rods Gram positive, spore formers double zone hemolysis on blood agar normal flora in vagina and GI tract Virulence factors: a toxin and enterotoxin( diarrhea/abdominal cramping(heat stable)) Disease/Infection: myonecrosis and foodborne illness Treat with: penicillin+ clindamycin |
| clostridium botulinum | Type: anaerobic rods Gram positive,encapsulated,spore former botulinum toxin(AB toxin),bioterrorism agent A,blocks release of ACH,flaccid paralysis Disease/Infection: classical botulism,infant botulism(no honey for infants less than one year old) Treat with: antitoxin |
| clostridium tetani | Type: anaerobic rods Gram positive with terminal spores(racket shaped) Disease/Infection: puncture wound,tetanus/lock jaw spastic paralysis AB toxin: tetanospasmin(fragment A blocks neurotransmitter release at inhibitory synapses Treat with: vaccine and metronidazole |
| clostridium difficile | Type: anaerobic rods Gram positive Disease/Infections: antibiotics diarrheas/pseudomembranous colitis Virulence factors: enterotoxin A(fluid secretion/inflammation)and B(cytotoxin disrupt protein synthesis/cytoskeletal disorganization) Treat with: vancomycin |
| treponema pallidum | Type: gram negative corkscrew/helical shape (endoflagella) NO LPS Virulence factor: antigenic variation of surface proteins and hyaluronidase Disease/Infection: syphilis(STD) produces chancres, later CNS degeneration, congenital syphilis: stillbirth/infant death or spontaneous abortion Treat with: penicillin IV |
| borrelia burgdorferi | Type: gram negative corkscrew helical shape(endoflagella) need cells for culture NO LPS Disease/Infection: lyme disease(chronic arthritis/CNS disease) Treat with: doxycycline |
| mycoplasma pneumoniae | NO CELL WALL(will not be detected on a gram stain test) need cholesterol (fried egg colonies) Virulence factor: CARDS toxin(damages epithelial cells),p1 adhesion:attachment Disease/Infection: atypical bacteria, cause of CAP/walking pneumonia, acute exacerbations of asthma patients Treat with: azithromycin DO NOT USE BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS |
| chlamydiae trachomatis | Type: gram (-) obligate intracellular parasites Disease/Infection: nongonococcal urethritis(blindness),trachoma,neonatal conjunctivitis Treat with: doxycycline |
| mycobacteria tuberculosis | Type: slender rods,aerobic, ACID FAST contain mycolic acids in cell walls, slow growing Virulence factors: cell wall sulfolipids Phagolysosomal fusion inhibition Disease/Infection: 1) primary disease: tubercle formation(granuloma),pneumonitis 2) Secondary disease: alcoholism,malnutrition, immunosuppression 3) antibiotic resistances tuberculin reaction: protein derivative injected intradermally Treat with: RIPE therapy (6-12 months) |
| chlamydiae pneumoniae | Type: gram (-) obligate intracellular parasites,atypical bacteria Disease and Infection: cause of CAP,arthscelortics processes,acute exacerbations asthma Treat with: azithromycin |
Created by:
laurenmb
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