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Ch 18 Terms
Terms & Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acromegaly | Extremity + enlargement, a condition caused by excessive growth hormone production during adulthood |
| Addison Disease | A condition resulting in decreased levels of adrenocortical hormones, which causes symptoms sch as muscle weakness & weight loss, eponym named after Thomas Addison, a British physician |
| Adrenal Cortex | Near + kidney + husk, a portion of the adrenal gland that secretes steroids, including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones, & CORTISOL |
| Adrenal Medulla | Near + kidney + middle, an inner part of the adrenal gland that synthesizes & secretes the catecholamines norepinephrine & epinephrine |
| Aldosterone | The principle mineralocorticoid in the body that maintains sodium & potassium homeostasis by stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium & excrete potassium |
| BMI | measure of body fat based on height & weight of a patient |
| Calcitonin | A thyroid hormone that helps regulate blood concentrations of calcium & phosphate & promotes the formation of bone |
| Catecholamines | Hormones produced in the brainstem, nervous system, & adrenal glands that help the body respond to stress & prepare the body for fight or flight response; they are important in regulating heart rate, blood pressure & NS functions |
| Comorbidity | A concomitant, but not necessarily related, medical condition existing simultaneously w/ another condition |
| Cretinism | A condition in which the development of the brain & body is inhibited by a congenital lack of thyroid hormone secretion; affects children suffering from hypothyroidism |
| Dwarfism | A condition characterized by a growth hormone deficiency during adolescence, resulting in short stature & decreased organ size |
| Endocrine System | Internal + secrete, glands that produce hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach their target or act at target sites near the area of hormone release |
| Endocrinologist | A physician who specializes in the treatment of conditions of the endocrine system |
| Endocrine Glands | External + secrete, glands that produce hormones sent to the target organ or tissue via a tube or duct outside the body |
| Exophthalmos | External + eyeball, an eyeball prominence (protrusion) from the orbit; increased thyroid hormone is a common cause of bilateral presentation |
| Gastroparesis | Stomach + paralysis + condition of, delayed gastric emptying |
| Gigantism | Giant + condition of, a condition of excessive growth hormone production during childhood or adolescence that results in excessive height & body tissue growth |
| Glucometer | Glucose + measuring instrument, a device used to test blood sugar levels in patients' w/ diabetes mellitus (DM) |
| Goiter | A condition in which the thyroid gland is enlarged because of lack of iodine; it can be either a simple goiter or a toxic goiter |
| Graves Disease | A condition caused by thyroid hormone hypersecretion; symptoms include diffuse goiter, exophthalmos, & skin changes, an eponym for Irish physician Robert James Graves |
| Homeostasis | Similar + still + condition of, the equilibrium pertaining to the balance of fluid levels, pH level, osmotic pressures, & concentrations of various substances |
| Hormones | Chemical substances produced & secreted by an endocrine duct into the bloodstream that result in a physiological response at a specific target tissue |
| Hyperglycemia | High + sugar + condition, elevated concentration of glucose in the blood |
| Hypertension | High + pressure + condition, elevated blood pressure; hyperaldosteronism |
| Hyperthyroidism | High + shield + condition, excessive secretion of thyroid hormone |
| Hypocalcemia | Low + calcium + condition, low concentration of calcium in the blood; hyperparathyroidism Med: Calcijex (calcitriol) |
| Hypoglycemia | Low + sugar + condition, excessively low concentration of glucose in the blood |
| Hypokalemia | Low + potassium + condition, low concentration of potassium in the blood; hyperaldosteronism |
| Hypopituitary Dwarfism | Short stature caused by a deficiency in growth hormone during childhood |
| Insulin Resistance | Island + compound, the resistance of body tissues to insulin effects; insulin resistance is associated with the development of T2DM |
| Myxedema | Mucus + swelling, a condition associated with a decrease in overall adult thyroid function; also known as hypothyroidism |
| Oogenesis | Egg + birth, production or development of an egg |
| Orthostatic Hypotension | Straight + stand and low+ pressure, low blood pressure that occurs on standing |
| Ovulation | Egg + discharge, the release of an egg from the ovary |
| Pancreas | An endocrine gland that produces insulin & glucagon |
| Parenteral | Outside + intestine, a term indicating administration of a substance by a route other than by mouth |
| Peripheral Neuropathy | Outside + boundary & nerve + disease, damage to nerves of the PNS |
| Thyroxine (T4) | A thyroid hormone derived from tyrosine (amino acid) that influences the metabolic rate |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | A thyroid hormone that helps regulate growth & development & controls metabolism & body temp; it is mainly produced through the metabolism of thyroxine |
| T1DM | A form of DM associated with an absolute deficiency of insulin production by the pancreas; people with T1DM require insulin therapy |
| T2DM | A form of DM associated with insulin resistance and a relative deficiency of insulin; people with T2DM can be treated with oral therapies, noninsulin injectable meds, & insulin |
| Vasopressin | Another term used for Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| Agents treating Acromegaly & Gigantism | Sandostatin (octreotide) somastatin agalogs acts as a somatostatin analog to reduce secretion of pituitary hormones, including GH Administer subcutaneously |
| Agents treating Addison Disease | Cortef (fludrocortisone) & Medro (methylprednisolone) Glucocorticoids Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, & vasoconstrictive effects Take with food |
| Agents treating Cushing Syndrome | Lysodren (mitotane) & Metopirone (metyrapone) Adrenal corticosteroid inhibitor reduces cortisol in the body |
| Agents treating Diabetes Insipidus | DDAVP (desmopressin acetate) & Vasostrict (vasopressin) Antidiuretic hormones Increased thirst and urination caused by head surgery or head trauma. |
| Agents treating Hyperparathyroidism | Tapazole (methimazole) & PTU (propylthiouracil) Antithyroid agents prevents the thyroid gland from producing too much thyroid hormone. |
| Agents treating Hypothyroidism | Armour Thyroid (desiccated thyroid), Cytomel (liothyronine), Synthroid/Levoxyl (levothyroxine) Thyroid drugs Supplements missing thyroid hormone to normal (euthyroid) levels Take as directed, take with water on an empty stomach |
| Agents treating Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) | Declomycin (demeclocycline) Tetracyclines Causes the renal tubules to develop resistance to antidiuretic hormone Take on an empty stomach with plenty of fluids |
| Agents treating Diabetes Mellitus | Rapid acting: Apidra (insulin glulisine), Humalog (insulin lispro). Short acting: Humalin R (regular insulin). Intermediate acting: Humalin & (isophane insulin (NPH). Long acting: Toujeo, KwikPEn (insulin glargine), Levemir (insulin detemir) |
| Antidiabetic agents treating T2DM pt.1 | Biguanides:Glucophage (metformin), AGI:Glyset (miglitol), Meglitinides:Prandin (repaglinide), Starlix (nateglinide), Sulfonylureas:Amaryl (glimepiride), Glucotrol (glipizide), Thiozolidinedione:Actos (pioglitazone), DPP-4 Inh:Januvia (sitagliptin) |
| Antidiabetic & obesity agents treating T2DM pt.2 | Incretin Mimetics: Bydureon (exenatide susp.), Byetta (exenatide), Victoza/Saxenda (liraglutide) SGLT-2 Inh: Farxiga (dapagliflozin) OBESITY: Xenical (orlistat) inhibits pancreatic lipases, Qsymia (phentermine/topiramate) |
| Hypothyroidism | Doesnt secrete sufficient levels of T3 & T4. May be caused by congenital defects (thyroid dysgenesis), defective thyroid hormone production, & thyroid tissue loss after surgical or radioactive treatment for hypothyroidism; stunts growth |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Where the parathyroid gland produces too much PTH, which causes high calcium levels in the blood; which results of a benign tumor which might need surgery; hypocalcemia |
| Agents treating Hyperparathyroidism | Rocaltrol (calcitriol), Sensipar (cinacalcet), Zemplar (paricalcitol), Hectorol (doxercalciferol) Active form of VitD which maintains calcium balance & regulates PTH levels, inhibits PTH secretion Take with/out food, protect from light |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Production of parathyroid hormones are much lower than usual, which affects calcium & phosphorus balance, resulting in hypocalcemia. MEDS: parenteral administration of calcium & VitD supplements |
| Gestational DM (GDM) | Occurs in women during pregnancy, & blood glucose levels usually return to normal after child-birth; weight gain & increase in estrogen concentrations & placental hormones antagonizes insulin. Risk for T2DM later in life if poor GDM management |
Created by:
Yari06
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