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PSYC 4150 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What does the occipital lobe do? | Lobe responsible for visual processing. |
| What does the temporal lobe do? | Lobe located around temples and is responsible for auditory, language/word meaning, processing of nonverbal cues, memory, and recognition. |
| How is the temporal lobe set up in the brain? | Lobe includes the limbic cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus. The left hemisphere is responsible for verbal memory and skills (data analysis) and the right hemisphere is responsible for nonverbal memory and skills (creativity). |
| How is the occipital lobe set up in the brain? | Lateralization exists in this lobe: left eye is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain and vice versa. It is located toward the back of the head |
| What does the parietal lobe do? | Lobe responsible for processing somatosensory information: touch, taste, pain, pressure, hot/cold, and spatial orientation |
| How is the parietal lobe set up in the brain? | Lobe sits on top of the occipital lobe, towards the crown of the head. |
| What does the frontal lobe do? | Lobe responsible for higher order cognitive processes such as: motor skills, speech, thought, problem solving, planning, organization, and inhibition |
| How is the frontal lobe set up in the brain? | This is the biggest lobe and it sits on the top front part of the head. It includes the premotor cortex, motor cortex, and prefrontal regions. Only humans have this lobe |
| What does the insular lobe do? | "5th lobe of the brain". It is responsible for sensory/motor visceral functions, taste functions, hunger, risk-reward behavior, empathy, self awareness, emotional regulation |
| How is the insular lobe set up in the brain? | This lobe is completely "land-locked" by the other 4 lobes in the brain. |
| What would happen if the occipital lobe is damaged? | If this lobe is damaged, the patient will have visual problems across the entire visual field for one or both eyes. |
| What would happen if the temporal lobe is damaged? | If this lobe is damaged, the patient can experience language or auditory issues, anosognosia (can't recognize faces). memory impairment, hallucinations, and emotional dysregulation/behavior problems. |
| What would happen if the parietal lobe is damaged? | If this lobe is damaged the patient can experience loss of movement not caused by general weakness (brushing teeth, writing, eating, etc), sensory disturbance , spatial disorientation, and neglect of left or right side of the body |
| What would happen if the frontal lobe is damaged? | If this lobe is damaged, the patient may experience a variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral differences: personality changes, difficulty with planning, memory loss, and difficulty focusing |
| What would happen if the insular lobe is damaged? | If this lobe is damaged, the patient may not experience addictive cravings, experience changes in appetite, apathy, loss of libido, and emotional disturbances (like anger or disgust) |
| What is lateralization? | This is the idea that the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa, and they serve different functions. This also means there are two of everything in the brain except: Broca's, Wernicke's, and corpus callosum |
| What is a lesion? | This occurs when there is any visible damaged brain tissue via MRI scans |
| What is localization? | This is the idea that different parts of the brain serve different functions, but this does not mean that there is a part of the brain that only does one thing. Many parts serve many purposes |
| What is atrophy? | This occurs when any part of the body, specifically the brain, dies |
| What is ablation? | This is the act of using a scalpel to cut or remove anything in the brain |
| Who was Mr. Tan? | He was a 21 year old male in the 1860's who could only say "Mr. Tan." He was under observation of a neurosurgeon named Dr. Broca and could understand language, but could not communicate |
| What was wrong with Mr. Tan's brain? | This man was discovered to have lesions in the left frontal lobe of his brain, which was causing him to not be able to speak. This area was named Broca's area after the neurosurgeon who discovered it |
| Who was Phineas Gage? | This man, in 1848, was working on a railroad when an iron rod quickly shot through the front of his skull and through the back of the head. He survived, but he went from a responsible hard-worker to an irresponsible, socially inappropriate unemployed man |
| What was wrong with Phineas Gage's brain? | The damage to his frontal lobe drastically changed his personality, social functioning, and decision making. This discovery of the function of the frontal lobe eventually led to the development of lobotomies |
| Who was Henry Molaison (H.M.)? | He was a man in the 1950's who agreed to undergo a surgery removing both hippocampi in order to stop his seizures. While it worked, he ended up not remembering any memories 11 years before the surgery and could not create new ones |
| What was wrong with Henry Molaison's brain? (1/2) | The doctor who performed his surgery was unaware that removal of both hippocampi would severely affect the patient's memory. He developed both anterograde (no new memories) and retrograde (no old memories) amnesia |
| What was wrong with Henry Molaison's brain? (2/2) | Due to the amnesia this man developed from removal of both of his hippocampi, he worked with doctors for the next 50 years to develop basic motor function and slightly improve his memory. This surgery is the only one of its kind to exist in all of history |
| What is Broca's area? | This part of the brain is located in the left frontal lobe, in Broadman's area 44. It is responsible for the ability to speak. If damaged, the patient can still understand language. It was discovered by Dr. Broca via his patient "Mr. Tan" |
| What is Wernicke's area? | This part of the brain is located in the left temporal lobe, in Broadman's area 22. It is responsible for the ability to understand language. If damaged, the patient can still speak |
| Between Broca's and Wernicke's area, which one would you not want to be damaged and why? | It would be better to have Broca's damaged because it's more important to be able to understand language rather than to be able to speak. They will probably only be able to write a limited amount though |
| Which hemisphere can you remove from a patient before they hit puberty with no major issues and why? | You can remove the right hemisphere of the brain before puberty because of lateralization; there are two of each part EXCEPT Broca's and Wernicke's. These only exist in the left hemisphere |
| What is the corpus callosum? | This part of the brain connects the left and the right hemispheres |
| What would happen if the corpus callosum is damaged? | If this part of the brain is damaged, the left and right hemispheres of the brain can no longer communicate. The patient would experience many symptoms, including motor and developmental impairments. Both sides would be fighting to do the same thing |
| What is a linear axial MRI image? | This MRI image shows the brain from the POV of the top of the head straight downward |
| What is a linear coronal MRI image? | This MRI image shows the brain from the POV of the front of the face straight to the back of the head. |
| What is a linear sagittal MRI image? | This MRI image shows the brain from the POV straight from the left ear to the right ear, or vice versa. Similar to a cupid's arrow |
| What makes DTI's (Diffuse tensor imaging) unique to MRI's? | While MRI's detects small changes in blood flow and lesions vis the response of hydrogen atoms to the magnet, this more detailed type of imaging measures the speed of water in white matter |
| What is the sympathetic nervous system? | This system mobilizes energy during times of stress and high arousal, i.e. "fight or flight" . It helps you to respond to danger to keep you safe |
| What does an activated sympathetic nervous system look like? | When this system is activated, it looks like: increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased blood flow to the brain and oxygen intake, dilated pupils, irregular digestion (also why death causes defacation), & release of adrenaline and norepineephrine |
| What is the parasympathetic nervous system? | This system conserves energy to promote relaxation and homeostasis in the body, i.e. "rest and digest" |
| What does an activated parasympathetic nervous system look like? | When this system is activated, it looks like: regulated metabolic rate via increased blood flow to digestive organs, ease falling asleep and regulated blood pressure and heart rate |
| Of the two autonomic nervous systems, which one controls the other? | Despite what you might believe, the parasympathetic nervous system actually regulates the sympathetic nervous system. |
| What does a dysregulated autonomic nervous system look like? | When this system comprising of two other systems are dysregulated, it can lead to anxiety disorder, PTSD, digestive issues, impaired cognitive processing, and difficulty sleeping |
| What is a neuron? | This is a cell in the brain and nervous system that uses electrical and chemical signals to communicate with one another. They receive, send, and process information. We have about 86 billion in our bodies, more than any other living animal |
| What is a soma? | This is the part of a neuron that is also referred to as the cell body and contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, Golgi body, lysosomes, and axon. it is where neurons assemble proteins and maintain metabolism |
| What is the nucleus? | This is the part of a neuron that houses its DNA |
| What is cytoplasm? | This is the clear, internal fluid in a neuron that helps to give it its shape. It holds the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes |
| What is a lysosome? | This is the part of a neuron that breaks down bacteria and viruses into proteins that can be reused by the neuron to build new structures and organelles |
| What is a Golgi apparatus (Golgi body)? | This is the part of a neuron that sorts, modifies, packages, and sends out neurotransmitters to the dendrite |
| What is an axon? | This is the electrical output excitable fiber at the bottom of a neuron that sends out an electrical impulse from the cell body to the nerve terminals, where it then changes to chemical and becomes a neurotransmitter at the synapse |
| What is the axon hillock? | This part of a neuron is the intersection between the cell body and the axon. Action potential is realized or not realized at this meeting point |
| What is action potential? | This is the dramatic change that happens in the axon hillock that is dependent on whether or not the stimulus from the electrical impulse from the cell body can cause an influx of sodium ions (depolarization) that releases a threshold voltage of -55mV |
| What is a dendrite? | This is the part of a neuron that uses receivers (i.e. synapse) to receive an electrical impulse from neurotransmitters that were sent into the synapse cleft from another neuron. They are a vessel for cell bodies to receive electrical impulses |
| What is a myelin sheath? | This is a collection of fat that covers the axon of a neuron and assists with the speed an electrical impulse travels through the axon |
| What is a mitochondria? | This is the part of a neuron that is the site of energy production, i.e. the powerhouse of the cell |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | This is the brain's chemical messenger that allows neurons to communicate throughout the body |
| What is a synapse? | This exists at the end of the nerve terminal of an axon where neurotransmitters (chemical) are sent out into the synapse cleft. The receptors on the dendrite will choose which neurotransmitters will trigger the electrical impulse through the dendrite |
| What is membrane potential? | This is the threshold that must be reached when neurotransmitters bind to receptors at the cell membrane. There must be enough depolarization from an influx of positive sodium ions to increase enzyme activity and "communicate" with the dendrite |
| What is a synapse cleft? | This is the space in-between the synapse of the axon and the receptor of the dendrite that the synapse releases neurotransmitters into. Whether they bind to the receptors depends on the shape and chemical structure of the neurotransmitter |
| What is a nerve terminal? | This is the part of a neuron that connects to another neuron at a synapse |
| What is serotonin? | This is a neurotransmitter that affects mood, appetite, digestion, sleep, pain perception, memory and learning, social behavior, sexual activity, heart, hormones, temperature, and motor control |
| What is norepinephrine (noradrenaline)? | This is a neurotransmitter that affects the body's response to anxiety, control, and fear (i.e. flight or flight response, mood regulation, attention/focus, and blood pressure control) |
| What parts of the brain have serotonin receptors? | The parts of the brain that have receptors for this neurotransmitter are the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus |
| What parts of the brain have norepinephrine receptors? | The parts of the brain that have receptors for this neurotransmitter are the brain stem, cerebral cortex, and the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, fornix) |
| What is GABA (Gamma Amino Butric Acid)? | This is a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve activity, regulates mood, controls seizures, promotes sleep, and regulates blood pressure. Too little causes anxiety and too much causes seizures. There are 2 of these for every 1 glutamate |
| What parts of the brain has GABA receptors? | The parts of the brain that have receptors for this neurotransmitter are the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra) and the limbic system |
| What is glutamate? | This neurotransmitter is excitatory and is important for cognitive functioning (learning, memory, mood, motor and sensory functions). Overstimulation causes cell damage and death found in head injuries and strokes |
| What part of the brain has glutamate receptors? | The parts of the brain that have receptors for this neurotransmitter are the hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum |
| What is acetylcholine? | This is the first neurotransmitter that was discovered. It regulates heartbeat. Too little can cause muscle contractions, leading to muscle weakness. Low amounts of this is also found in alzheimer's patients |
| What parts of the brain has acetylcholine receptors? | The parts of the brain that have receptors for this neurotransmitter are the brainstem, neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex |
| What is dopamine? | This neurotransmitter is important for controlling movements, regulating hormones, risk-reward, and causing psychotic symptoms. Too little of it can lead to Parkinson's, and too much of it can cause schizophrenia |
| What parts of the brain have dopamine receptors? | The parts of the brain that have receptors for this neurotransmitter are the nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex, and limbic system |
| What is epinephrine (adrenaline)? | This neurotransmitter/hormone is released into the whole body in stressful situations, causing increase in blood and oxygen to the brain as well as heartbeat, dilated pupils, and diminished digestion and immune system. (good for allergic reactions) |
| What parts of the body have epinephrine receptors? | This neurotransmitter is also a hormone that releases all throughout the body. The parts of the brain that receptors for it are the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex |
| What is a catecholamine? | This group of fight or flight neurotransmitters includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. They are built from an amino acid called tyrosine. They are found through the PNS and CNS and are made by the adrenal glands on top of the kidney |
| What is the cranial nerve I? | This is a nerve in your CNS (brain to nose) that enables your sense of smell via sensory nerve fibers |
| What is the cranial nerve V? | This is a nerve in your PNS that sends signals from your brain to parts of your face and mouth (sensory) and vice versa |
| What is the cranial nerve X? | This is a nerve that controls 90% of your PNS and derives from "vagus", the Greek word for "wanderer", and is referred to as the "grim reaper of death" (and life). Connects your brain to many vital organs (heart, digestive, lung, throat, wtc) |
| What are mammillary bodies? | These are 2 small rounded structures that are a part of the limbic system. They receive info from the hippocampus and sends it to the thalamus, which sends it to the cingulate cortex. It helps with forming new spatial and episodic memory |
| What is the neocortex? | This part of the brain is part of the cerebral cortex and is 6 cell layers deep that are made out of gray matter. It's the largest part of the brain and controls higher-order functions like consciousness, memory and learning (only humans have it) |
| What is gray matter? | This type of brain tissue, comprising the neocortex, includes neurons, axons, dendrites, capillaries, cell bodies, and glial cells. It's necessary for cognitive abilities (memory, language, emotion, and sensory). It's grey bc it lacks myelinated axons |
| What parts of the brain have gray matter? | This brain tissue is what the neocortex is made out of. It's also located in areas that affect motor control and sensory processing, like the basal ganglia and thalamus |
| What are myelinated axons? | These are axons that are shielded by myelin sheaths to aid in the speed of electrical charges |
| What are glial cells? | These cells are different from, but related to, neurons. They aid and assist with repair, waste removal, supplying nutrients and oxygen, and insulate neurons from each other. These make up half of the CNS, while neurons make up the other half |
| What is white matter? | This type of brain tissue sends signals to and from the cerebrum. It controls the distribution of information. New cells of these correlate with learning. It's white due to its myelinated axons |
| What parts of the brain have white matter? | This part of the brain is part of the neocortex (below the gray matter), corpus callosum, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord |
| What is the cerebellum? | This part of the brain is located behind the brain stem, underneath the cerebrum, and is nicknamed the "little brain". It's important for sensory and motor skills, balance, memory, learning, and emotional functioning |
| What is the cerebrum? | This part of the brain includes the cerebral cortex an covers the brainstem and cerebellum, and is its largest part. It is responsible for complex brain functions like sensory processing, motor control, cognition and thought, and emotional regulation |
| What are capillaries? | These tiny veins are the side roads of the interstate big veins. They provide nutrients and oxygen to brain cells, remove waste, and keep blood in because it's acidic to the brain |
| What is the limbic system? | This system in the brain is responsible for emotional regulation, as well as sleep, appetite, smells, and libido. It includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and fornix. |
| What is the amygdala? | This part of the limbic system is responsible mainly for fear and anxiety, emotional learning (connect emotions to memory), memory formation, and social interactions |
| What does a dysregulated amygdala look like? | When this part of the limbic system is damaged, it shrinks and leads to PTSD, aggression, and emotional dysregulation (mania, irritability, depression). Sometimes it can even cause difficulty in recognizing fear |
| What is the hippocampus? | This part of the limbic system is most responsible for both retaining and creating new memories. If you can remember something for 7 seconds, you have it for life. It also controls navigation and spatial orientation |
| What does a dysregulated hippocampus look like? | When this part of the limbic system is damaged, it can cause both past and present amnesia, inability to learn new things, nonverbal cues, confusion, unable to navigate or recognize familiar areas |
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