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Psy 365 exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is pharmacokinetics | the process of drug movement through the body |
| What is drug absorption? | Absorption is the process of how a drug gets into the body. |
| What are the five main routes of drug administration? | Oral, Rectal, Inhalation, Membrane absorption, Injection |
| What is drug distribution? | The process where the circulatory system moves the drug to its target location in the body. |
| What is drug metabolism? | The process where the drug is broken down into other chemicals (metabolites). |
| What organ plays the primary role in drug metabolism? | The liver contains enzymes that break drugs down into metabolites. |
| What other organ contributes to metabolism? | The intestines also play a role in drug metabolism. |
| Do the kidneys play a role in drug metabolism? | No, the kidneys do not metabolize drugs; they are involved in drug elimination. |
| What is drug elimination? | The process of removing drugs from the body, primarily through urination. |
| What test can detect drug metabolites in the body? | Urine analysis detects drug metabolites in the urine. |
| Which route of drug administration is the fastest? | Inhalation |
| Why is inhalation the fastest route? | Drugs inhaled can go directly into the bloodstream through the lungs. |
| Where are inhaled drugs absorbed? | In the lungs (e.g., vaping) |
| Which routes are slower compared to inhalation? | Oral, Rectal, Mucous membranes, Transdermal, Injection |
| What are the five drugs included in a standard drug test? (COCAP) | Cannabis, Opiates, Cocaine, Amphetamines, PCP |
| What does urine analysis detect? | Recent and chronic drug use. |
| How soon can drugs be detected in urine? | Within hours of use. |
| How long can urine tests detect drugs for chronic users? | A few days to a few weeks after use for chronic users. |
| What does hair follicle analysis detect? | Only chronic drug use. |
| Hair Follicle Analysis | Can detect within 4-5 days of use or 90 days after use |
| How do genetics affect drug metabolism? | Genetics can cause individuals to metabolize drugs slower or faster. |
| How does the environment affect drug metabolism? | Food intake: Eating food, especially a large meal, can increase blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract, speeding up drug metabolism. (e.g. grapefruit juice can have effect on drugs) |
| How does your body’s physiology affect drug metabolism? | Tolerance: As you take a drug over time, your body may adapt, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect, altering metabolism. |
| What does the central nervous system consist of? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? | Everything outside the CNS, including nerves and ganglia. |
| What role does the PNS play in drug side effects? | Many drugs cause side effects in the PNS, such as dry mouth, dizziness, or blurry vision. |
| What is the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | Controls automatic movements that occur without conscious thought, like heart rate and digestion. |
| What does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) do? | Fight or flight response: Prepares the body for stressful situations. |
| What happens when drugs affect the SNS? | Drugs that affect the SNS can increase heart rate and respiration, preparing the body for action. |
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | Rest and digest: It helps the body relax, lowers heart rate, and stimulates digestion. |
| What is the main function of the temporal lobe? | Learning and Memory |
| What does the orbital frontal cortex regulate? | Behavior regulation (acts as a filter for impulses and emotions). |
| What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex? | Executive functions: Includes planning, logical thinking, and other higher cognitive functions. |
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | Vision: Processes visual information. |
| What functions does the parietal lobe control? | Spatial processing and sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, etc.). |
| What are the main functions of the cerebellum? | Balance, coordination, and walking. |
| What is the role of the amygdala? | Fear and emotional processing: The amygdala helps process emotions and is involved in the body’s response to fear. |
| What does the hippocampus control? | Memory and learning: The hippocampus is crucial for forming new memories and learning new information. |
| How can alcohol effect the hippocampus? | Effect of alcohol: Alcohol can affect the hippocampus, leading to blackouts (temporary memory loss). |
| What does the hypothalamus regulate? | Appetite: The hypothalamus plays a key role in controlling hunger and satiety signals. |
| What is the role of the reticular formation? | • Activates the cortex •Serotonin plays a big role • Norepinephrine’s role: It also releases norepinephrine, stimulating the cortex and influencing arousal and attention. |
| What is the main function of the basal ganglia? | The basal ganglia are involved in voluntary motor movements. |
| How do drugs affect the basal ganglia? | Drugs that cause motor side effects often act on the basal ganglia. |
| What role does the caudate nucleus play in the brain? | The caudate nucleus is part of the basal ganglia and is involved in motor control. |
| What is the main function of the thalamus? | The thalamus acts as a sensory motor relay station, sending sensory information to the brain and motor information to the body. |
| How does the thalamus process sensory information? | The thalamus sends incoming sensory information into the brain. |
| How does the thalamus process motor information? | The thalamus sends outgoing motor information into the body. |
| What is the function of the substantia nigra? | The substantia nigra plays a role in releasing and producing dopamine. |
| How does the substantia nigra relate to dopamine? | The substantia nigra is responsible for releasing and producing dopamine, which is important for movement control. |
| What does the raphe nucleus produce? | The raphe nucleus produces serotonin. |
| What is the blood-brain barrier? | The blood-brain barrier is a mechanism that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood. |
| What makes the blood-brain barrier different from other blood vessels in the body? | Capillaries in the brain have no gaps, unlike capillaries in the rest of the body. |
| How do drugs get into the brain in relation to the blood-brain barrier? | Drugs must be permeable to the blood-brain barrier in order to enter the brain. |
| What functions are controlled by the pons? | The pons is involved in REM sleep, respiratory control, and heart rate regulation (along with the medulla). |
| How does the pons relate to REM sleep? | The pons plays a role in controlling REM sleep. |
| How does the pons contribute to respiratory control? | The pons is involved in regulating breathing and respiratory control. |
| How does the pons affect heart rate? | The pons helps regulate heart rate in conjunction with the medulla. |
| What is the role of the medulla in the brain? | The medulla is responsible for regulating heart rate. |
| How does the medulla regulate heart rate? | The medulla helps control heart rate, working with the pons. |
| What is the function of dendrites in a neuron? | Dendrites receive information from other neurons. |
| What are the main functions of the cell body (soma)? | The cell body integrates information and makes proteins for the neuron. |
| What does the axon do in a neuron? | The axon carries electrical information from the cell body. |
| How does the action potential travel in a neuron? | The action potential travels down the axon. |
| What is the function of the myelin sheath? | The myelin sheath speeds up the signal transmission along the axon. |
| What cells produce the myelin sheath? | Glial cells produce the myelin sheath. |
| What role do terminal buttons play in neuron communication? | Terminal buttons release neurotransmitters, transmitting information to other neurons. |
| Where are neurotransmitters released in the synapse? | Neurotransmitters are released from the terminal button into the space of the synapse. |
| What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synapse? | Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to the receptors of another neuron. |
| Do electrical signals cross the synapse? | No, electrical signals do not cross the synapse; neurotransmitters do. |
| What is competitive binding in drug action? | Competitive binding occurs when a drug binds to the same site as a neurotransmitter, mimicking its effects. |
| How does a competitive drug mimic a neurotransmitter? | A competitive drug mimics the neurotransmitter by binding to the same receptor site. |
| What is non-competitive binding in drug action? | Non-competitive drugs do not bind to the same site as a neurotransmitter, as they have their own unique binding site. |
| Where do non-competitive drugs bind in relation to neurotransmitters? | Non-competitive drugs bind to a different site than the neurotransmitter, not the same receptor site. |
| What do agonists do to neurotransmitters? | Agonists enhance or stimulate a neurotransmitter’s effect. |
| How do agonists promote neurotransmitter activity? | Agonists can: - Promote neurotransmitter synthesis. - Promote neurotransmitter release. - Block degrading enzymes and reuptake. - Stimulate receptors. |
| What do antagonists do to neurotransmitters? | Antagonists make a neurotransmitter less effective. |
| How do antagonists decrease neurotransmitter activity? | Antagonists can: -Inhibit neurotransmitter synthesis. -Block neurotransmitter release. -Stimulate degrading enzymes and reuptake. -Block receptor activation. |
| Where is acetylcholine (ACh) made in the brain? | Acetylcholine is made in three places in the brain. |
| Which enzyme synthesizes acetylcholine? | Acetylcholine is synthesized by the CHAT enzyme (Choline acetyltransferase). |
| Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory? | Acetylcholine can be either excitatory or inhibitory. |
| Which enzyme degrades acetylcholine? | Acetylcholine is degraded by the AchE enzyme (acetylcholinesterase). |
| How does curare affect acetylcholine? | Curare induces paralysis by affecting acetylcholine. |
| What type of neurotransmitter is glutamate? | Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter. |
| Where is glutamate made in the brain? | Glutamate is made throughout the brain. |
| How do substances like MSG, PCP, and CO affect glutamate? | MSG, PCP, and CO affect glutamate, potentially altering its activity |
| What type of neurotransmitter is GABA? | GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| Where is GABA found in the brain? | GABA is found throughout the brain. |
| How does strychnine affect GABA? | Strychnine blocks GABA, causing seizures. |
| How do anti-anxiety and anti-epileptic drugs affect GABA? | These drugs affect GABA activity, helping to manage anxiety and epilepsy. |
| Where is dopamine made in the brain? | Dopamine is made in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. |
| Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory? | Dopamine can be both excitatory and inhibitory. |
| Which enzymes degrade dopamine? | Dopamine is degraded by the MAO (Monoamine oxidase) and COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) enzymes. |
| How do MAOI, amphetamines, tricyclics, and Ritalin affect dopamine? | These substances affect dopamine, altering its activity in the brain. |
| Where is serotonin (5-HT) made in the brain? | Serotonin is made in the Raphe nucleus and released throughout the brain. |
| Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory? | Serotonin is excitatory. |
| From what substance is serotonin synthesized? | Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan, which is converted to 5-HTP. |
| Which enzymes degrade serotonin? | Serotonin is degraded by the MAO and COMT enzymes. |
| How do MAOI, SSRIs, and LSD affect serotonin? | These substances alter serotonin activity, affecting mood and perception. |
| Where is norepinephrine made in the brain? | Norepinephrine is made in the locus coeruleus and released throughout the brain. |
| Is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory? | Norepinephrine can be both excitatory and inhibitory. |
| Which enzymes degrade norepinephrine? | Norepinephrine is degraded by the MAO (Monoamine oxidase) and COMT (Catechol-O-methyltransferase) enzymes. |
| How do amphetamines affect norepinephrine? | Amphetamines affect norepinephrine in a similar way as dopamine, altering its activity in the brain. |
| What do degrading enzymes do to neurotransmitters (NTs)? | Degrading enzymes break down neurotransmitters into other chemicals. |
| What is reuptake in neurotransmitter activity? | Reuptake is the process where receptors on the terminal button take the neurotransmitter back up to the other terminal button for recycling and release. |
| What is the purpose of reuptake in neurotransmitter recycling? | Reuptake allows neurotransmitters to be recycled and reused, maintaining balance in synaptic activity. |
| What is recreational use of a drug? | Recreational use refers to taking a drug for the sole purpose of experiencing its psychoactive properties (e.g., to get high). |
| What is instrumental use of a drug? | Instrumental use refers to taking a drug with a specific, socially-approved goal in mind (e.g., to relieve pain, improve focus). |
| How do recreational and instrumental use differ? | Recreational use is for pleasure or to experience effects, while instrumental use is for a practical, goal-oriented purpose with social approval. |
| What is drug misuse? | Drug misuse is a form of drug-taking behavior where a prescription or nonprescription (OTC) drug is used inappropriately, not as intended. |
| What is drug abuse? | Drug abuse is a form of drug-taking behavior that results in physical, mental, or social impairment. |
| How do drug misuse and drug abuse differ? | Drug misuse involves using drugs inappropriately, while drug abuse causes impairment and harm to physical, mental, or social well-being. |
| What is physical dependence? | Physical dependence is the use of a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms that occur when the drug is not taken (also known as withdrawal or abstinence syndrome). |
| Can you give an example of physical dependence? | An example of physical dependence is drinking coffee to avoid a headache that results from not having caffeine. |
| What is psychological dependence? | Psychological dependence is the motivation to use a drug based on cravings for its pleasurable effects. |
| What is an example of positive reinforcement in psychological dependence? | An example of positive reinforcement is taking heroin to feel its euphoric effects. |
| What is an example of negative reinforcement in psychological dependence? | An example of negative reinforcement is taking oxycodone to relieve stress or discomfort. |
| What is acute toxicity? | Acute toxicity refers to the physical or psychological harm a drug may cause immediately or soon after ingestion. |
| Can you provide an example of acute toxicity? | An example of acute toxicity is a lethal overdose or delirium after taking a drug. |
| What is chronic toxicity? | Chronic toxicity refers to the physical or psychological harm a drug may cause over a long period of time. |
| Can you provide an example of chronic toxicity? | An example of chronic toxicity is liver damage from long-term alcohol use or developing dependence. |
| What are controlled substances? | Controlled substances are drugs regulated or controlled by the government due to their potential for abuse or misuse. |
| What are Schedule 1 drugs? | Schedule 1 drugs have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use (e.g., heroin, marijuana). |
| What are Schedule 2 drugs? | Schedule 2 drugs have a high potential for abuse but have some accepted medical uses (e.g., codeine, morphine). |
| What are Schedule 3 drugs? | Schedule 3 drugs have some potential for abuse, have accepted medical uses, and may lead to dependence (e.g., longer-acting barbiturates). |
| What are Schedule 4 drugs? | Schedule 4 drugs have a low potential for abuse and have accepted medical uses (e.g., antianxiety drugs). |
| What are Schedule 5 drugs? | Schedule 5 drugs have minimal potential for abuse and have widespread accepted medical uses (e.g., laxatives). |
| What is drug tolerance? | Drug tolerance is the gradually diminished effect of a drug the more it is taken, meaning the user needs a larger amount to achieve the same effect. |
| What is metabolic tolerance? | Metabolic tolerance occurs when the liver breaks down a drug faster after repeated use, reducing its effectiveness. |
| What is pharmacodynamic tolerance? | Pharmacodynamic tolerance happens when receptors that have been stimulated by a drug over time decrease in number or become less sensitive. |
| What is behavioral tolerance? | Behavioral tolerance refers to conditioning to a specific environment or context, where the body prepares for drug use based on the setting. |
| Can you provide an example of behavioral tolerance | An example is alcoholics who may walk more steadily when drunk because they’ve conditioned themselves to act in certain ways in their drinking environment. |
| Can you provide an example of behavioral tolerance in heroin use? | Heroin users may learn to associate drug paraphernalia with the euphoric feelings they experience when using heroin, preparing their body for the drug’s effects. |
| What is a lethal dose? | A lethal dose is the minimal amount of a drug necessary to produce death in a given percentage of the population under study. |
| What is LD40? | LD40 is the dose that causes death in 40% of the population under study. |
| What is LD100? | LD100 is the dose that causes death in 100% of the population under study. |
| What is an effective dose? | An effective dose is the minimal amount of a drug necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage of the population under study. |
| What is ED40? | ED40 is the dose that produces the intended drug effect in 40% of the population under study. |
| What is ED100? | ED100 is the dose that produces the intended drug effect in 100% of the population under study. |
| What does it mean when the dose response curves of a drug overlap? | The more the curves overlap (lethal dose and effective dose), the more dangerous or toxic the drug is. |
| Why is it dangerous when the lethal dose and effective dose curves overlap more? | When the lethal dose and effective dose curves overlap, there is a smaller margin between the dose needed to get the desired effect and the dose that could cause harm or death, increasing the risk of toxicity. |
| What is an additive drug interaction? | An additive interaction occurs when the effects of two drugs add together, producing a combined effect equal to the sum of each drug's individual effects. |
| What is an antagonistic drug interaction? | An antagonistic interaction occurs when one drug decreases the effectiveness of the other drug, counteracting its effects. |
| What is a hyperadditive (synergistic) drug interaction? | A hyperadditive or synergistic interaction occurs when the effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects, amplifying the overall effect. |
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