Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Personality Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is personality? | Personality is "a system that organizes psychological functioning within the individual." |
| What are the key features of personality | System-based – Personality integrates different psychological components. Individual-centered – It operates within a person. Organizational – It structures thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. |
| What problem does Mayer address in personality research? | The lack of a universally accepted definition, leading to conceptual confusion. |
| What distinguishes personality from other psychological concepts? | Personality is a long-term, stable system that organizes an individual’s mental and behavioral processes, unlike temporary states or cognitive abilities. |
| How does personality function as a system? | It integrates multiple subsystems, including motives, emotions, cognition, and self-awareness, to regulate behavior. |
| What role do emotions play in personality as a system? | Emotions are integrated within personality to influence behavior, motivation, and social interactions over time. |
| Why is defining personality as a system beneficial for psychological research? | It allows for a more comprehensive study of how different psychological components interact, rather than treating personality as a collection of separate traits. |
| What is the self-report method? | A research technique in which individuals provide information about themselves, typically through surveys, questionnaires, or interviews. |
| Why is self-report widely used in psychological research? | It is efficient, cost-effective, and provides direct access to personal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. |
| What are the main advantages of self-report methods? | Access to internal states – Thoughts, emotions, and experiences are best reported by the individual. Ease of administration – Can be used in large-scale studies. Efficiency – Quick and inexpensive data collection. |
| What are the major limitations of self-report? | Response biases – Participants may distort answers. Social desirability – People tend to present themselves in a favorable light. Memory limitations – Recollections may be inaccurate. |
| What is social desirability bias? | The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a way that will be viewed favorably by others, leading to overreporting of positive traits and underreporting of negative ones. |
| What is the issue of self-deception in self-reporting? | Some individuals unknowingly provide biased responses due to overly positive self-perceptions. |
| How does impression management affect self-reports? | Participants may deliberately alter responses to appear socially acceptable, distorting the accuracy of the data. |
| How can researchers improve the accuracy of self-reports? | Anonymity and confidentiality – Reduces social desirability bias. Use of forced-choice formats – Limits socially desirable responding. Incorporating validity scales – Detects response distortions. |
| What are alternatives to self-report methods? | Observer reports (e.g., peer or expert ratings) Behavioral measures (e.g., reaction times, physiological data) Implicit tests (e.g., Implicit Association Test) |
| When are self-reports most reliable? | When assessing thoughts, feelings, and personal experiences rather than objective behaviors. |
| What is the trade-off between self-report and objective measures? | Self-reports provide insight into internal states but are prone to bias, while objective measures are more accurate but may lack context. |
| What is big behavioral data? | Large-scale data collected from digital footprints, including social media, text analysis, and real-world behaviors. |
| How does big behavioral data improve personality research? | Captures real-world behavior instead of self-reports. Allows for large-scale analysis across diverse populations. Provides continuous, real-time data rather than one-time assessments. |
| How does big data challenge traditional personality research? | It shifts focus from static traits to dynamic behavioral patterns that change over time and contexts. |
| What is the "personality panorama" concept? | A broader, context-dependent view of personality that considers how behaviors shift across different environments. |
| How can natural language processing (NLP) be used in personality research? | NLP analyzes text data from social media, emails, and conversations to infer personality traits. |
| What ethical concerns arise with big behavioral data in personality research? | Privacy risks – Unintended exposure of personal information. Informed consent issues – Users may not be aware of data collection. Bias in algorithms – Data analysis may reinforce social or demographic biases. |
| What role does machine learning play in personality research? | It helps identify complex patterns in behavior that traditional methods might miss. |
| How does big data expand personality assessment beyond self-report methods? | It allows researchers to measure actual behaviors rather than relying on subjective self-perceptions. |
| What are the limitations of using big behavioral data for personality research? | Data interpretation challenges – Correlation does not imply causation. Context dependence – Same behavior may have different meanings in different situations. Data accessibility – Ethical and legal restrictions on collecting personal data. |
| What are personality types? | Distinct categories of personality, where individuals fit into specific, qualitative classifications (e.g., MBTI types). |
| What are personality traits? | Continuous dimensions of personality that vary in degree rather than in distinct categories (e.g., the Big Five model). |
| How do type-based and trait-based approaches differ? | Types assume people belong to discrete categories. Traits view personality as a spectrum where individuals vary in degree. |
| What is a key advantage of personality type models? | They provide clear, intuitive categories that help with personal understanding and practical applications, such as career counseling. |
| What is a key advantage of personality trait models? | They offer greater precision by measuring personality on a continuous scale, allowing for more nuanced analysis. |
| What is a common criticism of personality type models? | They oversimplify personality by forcing individuals into rigid categories, ignoring variations within types. |
| What is a common criticism of personality trait models? | They can be too complex for practical use and may not provide clear, actionable insights for individuals. |
| What are the "five factors" in the Five-Factor Model (FFM)? | Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). |
| What is Eysenck’s first critique of the Five-Factor Model? | Lack of biological basis – The FFM does not sufficiently account for genetic or neurological underpinnings of personality. |
| What is Eysenck’s second critique of the FFM? | Failure to align with experimental psychology – The five factors are based on statistical analyses rather than experimental findings. |
| What is Eysenck’s third critique of the FFM? | Redundancy and lack of parsimony – The five factors overlap significantly and could be reduced to fewer dimensions. |
| What is Eysenck’s fourth critique of the FFM? | Inability to predict behavior effectively – The model is descriptive rather than explanatory, offering little insight into personality mechanisms. |
| What alternative model does Eysenck propose? | The PEN model, which includes Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism, based on biological and experimental research. |
| How does Eysenck view the statistical methods used in the FFM? | He argues that factor analysis is limited and cannot determine fundamental personality structures alone. |
| What does Eysenck believe is necessary for a truly "basic" personality model? | A model grounded in biological, genetic, and experimental evidence, rather than just factor analysis of self-reports. |
| What was the primary goal of personality testing in early American industry? | The main goal was to assess adjustment—the ability of workers to fit into organizational cultures and perform effectively within industrial systems. |
| How were personality tests first used in industry? | They were used to screen workers for specific job roles, often focusing on identifying mental stability and social adjustment to improve productivity. |
| Who were the early pioneers of personality testing in industry? | Early pioneers include William McDougall and Hugo Münsterberg, who emphasized the importance of psychological testing for selecting workers based on their mental and emotional characteristics. |
| Why was there an obsession with "adjustment" in these early personality tests? | The focus on adjustment reflected a desire to create a predictive measure for how well workers could conform to standardized roles and cope with the demands of industrial environments. |
| What was the role of World War I in the development of personality testing? | During World War I, large-scale psychological testing (such as the Army Alpha and Beta tests) was implemented, which popularized the use of personality and intelligence tests in both military and civilian sectors. |
| How did personality testing become linked with the concept of “mental hygiene”? | Personality testing was used to identify and manage mental health issues in workers, reflecting a broader societal concern with mental hygiene—ensuring workers’ psychological fitness for industrial tasks. |
| How did industrial psychologists approach the measurement of personality traits? | Early industrial psychologists focused on measuring traits such as emotional stability, cooperativeness, and social compatibility to predict workers’ effectiveness and integration into corporate culture. |
| What were the ethical concerns regarding early personality testing in industry? | The testing often led to discrimination, as workers were classified and judged based on their psychological profiles, which could limit opportunities and reinforce social inequalities. |
| How did personality testing in industry evolve over time? | Over time, the use of personality testing expanded beyond mere adjustment and began to incorporate broader assessments of traits, leading to more comprehensive methods of personnel selection and job placement. |
Created by:
jennawilk
Popular Psychology sets