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Mod 1
methods of social psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hindsight bias | People’s tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome |
| Hypothesis | A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances |
| Theory | A body of related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world |
| Observational research This type of research involves observing participants in social situations. | Semiformal approach: taking notes and interviewing participants.Observations can be misleading, however, and any tentative conclusions gleaned from observation should be tested using other methods. |
| Archival research | Involves analyzing social behaviors documented in past records o Newspapers, police reports, hospital records, google searches, twitter posts. Can be used to test theories about social behavior |
| Surveys | Surveys involve asking participants questions, usually through an interview or a questionnaire. • Usually used to estimate characteristics of a population. |
| Surveys | The problem of representative sampling • Ideally the sample used to estimate opinions is representative of the population under study. • Survey results may be inaccurate if the sample is biased. |
| Randomly choosing people from a population will create an unbiased (representative) sample. | Correlation does not establish causation. |
| Random sampling: | Every person has an equal chance of being studied. |
| Convenience sampling | (for example, contacting people as they enter the library or e-mailing fraternity and sorority members) is not random. |
| Correlational research | Procedure: measuring two or more variables in their natural state (no manipulation) |
| Experimental research | Procedure: manipulating at least one variable, measure at least one variable. |
| Reverse causation | the direction of a relationship between two variables cannot be determined. |
| Third variable | a third variable might explain the relationship between variable 1 and variable 2. |
| Self-selection | …a problem that arises when participants select their level on each variable. • Causal interpretation of a relationship becomes difficult. |
| What are the advantages of correlational designs? | can imply where causal relationships may be present • some things can only be measured and not ethically manipulated. |
| Correlations coefficients vary in their strength and direction | Experimental research: research that randomly assigns people to different conditions or situations. |
| Independent variable | Any variable that is manipulated Hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome. Experimental vs control condition |
| Dependent variable | the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated • hypothesized to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable. |
| Experiments overcome problems with correlational designs: | Reverse causality: by controlling for the IV, researchers can determine the direction of a relationship • Third-variable: overcomes the issue of self-selection • Assignment to conditions is determined by random assignment |
| Natural experiment | This is a naturally occurring event or phenomenon having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments in which the investigator manipulates the conditions. |
| Experiments can determine causation because variables are controlled, but manipulating the situation may limit the validity of the results. | |
| External validity | This is an indication of how well the results of a study generalize to contexts other than those of the study itself. Experiments are sometimes low in mundane realism; they often don’t resemble real life all that well. |
| Internal validity In experimental research, internal validity refers to the likelihood that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results. | A failure to control for differences (through random assignment) of comparison groups is one threat to internal validity. • Consequence: alternative explanations for results cannot be controlled for |
| Experiments tend to score low in external validity, but high in internal validity. | How do we enhance external validity? • Enhance the mundane realism of your manipulation • OR study your research question in a real-world setting |
| True experiments | Usually do a good job of controlling for alternative explanations (internal validity), but often do not resemble real life very well (external validity) |
| Field experiment | This is an experiment conducted in the real world (not a lab), usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind. |
| Reliability | Reliability is the degree to which the particular way researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results. |
| Measurement validity | Concerned with whether a test or measure assesses what it claims to. Can be established by testing the correlation between some measure and some outcome that the measure is supposed to predict. |
| Regression to the mean | This is the tendency of extreme scores on a variable to be followed by, or associated with, less extreme scores. |
| Statistical significance | This is a measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance. o Results that have a very low probability of occurring by chance are considered statistically significant. |
| Replication | This refers to reproducing the results of a scientific study. o Scientific controversy is sometimes generated by failures to replicate results or by accusations of incompetence on the part of the investigators. |
| Institutional review board (IRB) | This is a university committee that examines research proposals and makes judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research. • All research conducted at colleges and universities must be approved by an IRB. |
| Informed consent | A person’s signed agreement to participate in a procedure or research study after learning all the relevant aspects |
| Deception research | Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them |
| Debriefing | In preliminary versions of an experiment, this involves asking participants directly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable, and so on. |
| Debriefing | In later versions, debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied. |
| Basic science | Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world |
| Applied research | Research concerned with using current understanding of a phenomenon in order to solve a real-world problem |
| Intervention | • An effort to change a person’s behavior |
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lunagmia
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