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Bio 106
1st test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aposematic | Warning coloration Means organism is poisonous/venomous |
| Characteristics of life | Metabolic process, generative response, control processes, homeostasis |
| Metabolic process | Total of all chemical reactions in an organism -Nutrient uptake -nutrient processing - waste elimination |
| generative response | growth of an organism and reproduction of an organism |
| control processes | coordination, movement, regulation; internal or external Inheritance molecules: like DNA or RNA |
| homeostasis | The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in spite of a constantly changing external environment. Eg. Temperature and PH levels. |
| endotherm | warm-blooded; relies on own metabolic processes to maintain body temperature. |
| ectotherm | relies on external environment to maintain body temperature. |
| osmoregulation | water balance in fish |
| Levels of organisation | Subatomic particles, Atoms, Molecules, Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multicellular organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
| What is Science? | A process or way of arriving at a solution to a problem or understanding an event in nature. Or an organized way of knowing. |
| uniformitarianism | The principle that physical and biological processes presently active in forming and modifying the Earth can help explain the geological and evolutionary history of the earth. (the present is the key to the past) |
| Power of a test | how large does a sample size need to be to have a successful experiment. |
| Scientific theory | a plausible, scientifically acceptable generalization eg. the earth revolves around the sun. |
| Mullerian Mimicry | when 2 unpalatable dangerous organisms come to resemble one another Ex. rattlesnakes |
| Batesian Mimicry | when a palatable organism comes to resemble a dangerous organism eg. coral snake vs king snake. |
| Science Conclusions | Hypotheses can't be proven science can be experimental or descriptive science should be objective science can be misused science can't be used to analyze questions about beliefs, tests or values |
| Astragulus Bone | An ankle bone that is proof of hippos and whales sharing a common ancestor |
| Cetaceans and Hippopotamus Pakicetus inachus | Pakicetus is the earliest whale. Cetaceans have it as common ancestor along with hippos it has the astragulus bone |
| Mysticeti Whales | Baleen whales. Filter feeders. |
| Odontoceti Whales | Have teeth |
| Importance of diatoms with cetacean evolution | The wider diversity of diatoms means a greater diversity of cetaceans |
| Trends in centacean evolution | There was the greatest diversity during the Tortonian period. The diversity was increasing before then and has decrease overall since then. |
| Whale adaptations for aquatic lifestyles | More toe bones, big tail, blowhole, fusiform body shape, blubber, dorsal spinous processes along the tail etc. |
| Capsid | The protein shell that encloses the viral genome |
| capsomere | small proteins that make up the capsid |
| Viral envelope | an additional structure outside of the capsid that can help viruses infect host cells |
| provirus | a virus that becomes incorporated into the genome of the eukaryotic cell. It never leaves the host genome. eg. Herpes and chicken pox. |
| hemagglutinin | a protein that allows attachment of the virus to a host cell |
| Are viruses a form of life | not really they don't meet all the characteristics. |
| Vaccines | mRNA vaccines cause the production of spike proteins for a short period of time to prep cells for response |
| Evolution | A change in gene frequencies in a population over time. |
| population | a group of the same species occupying the same space at the same time |
| artificial selection | the breedimg of domesticated planrs and animals by humans |
| Natural selection | evolution of a population due to natural forces |
| Carolus Linnaeus | (1707-1778) a Swedish physician and botanist created the basis of modern taxonomy |
| Georges Cuvier | (1769-1832) french anatomist and enjoyed the study of paleontology believed in catastrophism (Massive catastrophes are what caused differences in organisms over time). |
| James Hutton | (1726-1797) Scottish geologist proposed the process of gradualism (profound geological change could take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes) |
| Carles Lyell | (1797-1875) Scottish geologist receives credit for the idea of uniformitarianism (the present is the key to the past) |
| Thomas Malthus | (1766-1834) English economist suggests humans could overpopulate the planet (not all humans could survive on limited resources. |
| Jean Batiste de Lamarck | (1744-1829) believed in evolution but had the wrong explanation/definition characteristics appear through use of them over time ex a giraffes neck getting longer throughout their life as they stretch it |
| Charles Darwin | (1809-1882) sailed around the world worth a manuscript on evolution using information gathered in the Galapagos (1859) |
| Alfred Russell Wallance | (1823-1913) traveled around the world with a focus on Indonesia also discovered evolution introduced ideas for biogeographical regions |
| Biogeography | The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species |
| convergent evolution | the development of 2 or more species with strong superficially resemblances from totally unlike and unrelated ancestors ex. the pygmy hippo and the cappybara |
| Fossil records | good indicators of evolution and the causes of it ex horse ancestors gaining loafs on their teeth because they moved to grasslands |
| homologous structures | 2 structures with the same embryological and evolutionary history. Structures may or may not have the same function |
| analogous structures | 2 structures with the same function without the same evolutionary and embryological history |
| eons | currently 5 or 6 eons |
| eras | 3 eras |
| periods | sections of eras |
| epochs | sections of periods |
| Origin of earth | 4,600 MYA |
| fossil prokaryote origins | 3,500 MYA |
| O2 concentration increased when and why | 2,700 MYA because of an increase in photosythentic bacteria |
| stromatolites | layered rocks that from when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together. |
| serial endosymbiosis hypothesis | Lynn margulis the development of the internal membranes of a cell occurred by having the cell membrane fold in surrounding the DNA small prokaryotes were engulfed by the cell creating a mutualistic environment where they became energy organelles |
| phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| systematics | the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context |
| taxonomy | the scientific naming and classification of organisms |
| cambrian explosion | 542 MYA Diverse algae and soft bodied invertebrate animals. short period of time where a wide diversity of organisms appeared |
| conodonts | named for there cone shaped tooth like structures. Could have been vertebrates [mid Cambrian period] about 510 MYA |
| ostracoderms | True vertebrates lacked jaws and paired appendages very small Ordovician period |
| placoderms | occurred in the Silurian period had jaws and paired appendages |
Created by:
smbarnett
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