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PHM1000 De More7
PHM1000 Pharmacy Technician - Chapter 7: Routes/Formulations De More
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intra | into |
| Intravenous | into the the venous (circulatory) system |
| intraocular | into the eye; PARENTERAL; solutions, suspensions, ointments, inserts |
| intracardiac | into the heart |
| intraarterial | into the artery |
| intrspinal | into the spine |
| intraosseous | into the bone |
| intraarticular | into the joint |
| intrarespiratory | into the lung |
| Enteral | anything involving the alimentary tract (mouth to anus) |
| Parenteral | any sites of administration besides the enteral tract. (i.e. vaginal) |
| Oral | ENTERAL; Tablets, Capsules, Bulk Powders, Solutions, Suspensions, Elixirs, Syrups, Emulsions |
| Buccal | ENTERAL; Tablets, Solutions |
| Sublingual | ENTERAL; Tablets, Lozenges |
| Rectal | ENTERAL; Solutions, Ointments, Suppositories |
| intranasal | PARENTERAL; solutions, suspensions, sprays, aerosols, inhalers, powders |
| inhalation | PARENTERAL; solutions, aerosols, powders, |
| IV/IM/ID | intravenous/intramuscular/intradermal; PARENTERAL; solutions, suspensions, emulsions |
| dermal | solutions, tinctures, collodions, liniments, suspensions, ointments, creams, gels, lotions, pastes, plasters, powders, aerosols, transdermal patches |
| subcutaneous | PARENTERAL; solutions, suspensions, emulsions, implants |
| vaginal | PARENTERAL; solutions, ointments, creams, aerosol foams; powders; suppositories, tablets, IUDs |
| pH | measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. 7 is neutral. Higher numbers = more alkaline (8-14) Lower numbers = more acidic (1-6). |
| stomach acid | pH of 1-2 |
| enteric coated | coating on tablets that delays disintegration of a tablet until it reaches the higher pH of the intestine. |
| disintegration | breaking apart of a tablet into smaller pieces |
| dissolution | when the smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in a solution |
| modified release | oral formulations that release the drug so a longer duration of action occurs. SR (sustained release) SA (slow acting), ER/XR (extended release) PA (prolonged action), CR (controlled/continuous release) TR (time release) LA (long acting) |
| solutions | clear liquid made up of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent(Aqueous solutions) |
| syrups | concentrated or nearly saturated solution of sucrose in water, contain less than 10% of alcohol. |
| nonaqueous solution | contain solvent other then water (glycerin, alcohol, propylene glycol can be used in oral solutions) |
| elixirs | lear sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids, less sweet and viscous than syrup,alcohol content 5-40% |
| spirits | alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances with alcohol content 62-85%. Typically used for flavoring effect (Peppermint Spirit) but can be used for medicinal purposes (Spirit of Camphor) |
| tinctures | nonvolatile substances:10gm drugs in 100ml of solutions; Ex: Tincture of Iodine |
| suspensions | formulations in which the drug is not completely dissolved in the solvent. |
| emulsions | mixture of two or more immiscible (unblendable) liquids; "Oil and Water don't mix"; an emulsifier is is used to formulate a homogenous mixture between the two ingredients |
| creaming | one of two distinct phases of separation that occurs with emulsions; occurs when dispersed droplets merge and rise to the top or fall to the bottom of the emulsion; redispersed by shaking |
| coalescence | breaking or cracking; irreversable seperation of dispersed phase (emulsions) |
| gelling agents | increase the viscosity or thickness of the medium in which they are placed (GELS) |
| water soluble | able to dissolve in water |
| sublingual | under the tongue |
| hemorrhoid | painful swollen veins in the anal/rectal area |
| IV | intravenous; 16-20 gauge/1-1.5" needle length |
| IM | intramuscular; 19-22 gauge/1-1.5" needle length |
| SC/SQ | subcutaneous; 24-27 gauge/ 3/8 - 1" needle length |
| ID | intradermal; 25-26 gauge/ 3/8" needle length |
| necrosis | increase in cell death |
| buffer system | ingredients in a formulation designed to control pH |
| sterile | free of all microorganisms, both harmful and harmless |
| aqueous | water based |
| diluent | solvent that dissolves a freeze dried powder or dilutes a solution |
| infusion | gradual injection of an intravenous solution into a patient |
| syringeability | the ease with which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe |
| thrombus | blood clot; complication that can occur from IV administration |
| phlebitis | inflammation of veins; complication that can occur from IV administration |
| air emboli | occurs when air is injected into the veins; complication that can occur from IV administration |
| particulate matter | small pieces of material (ex: glass from ampule or vial) that can get through filtration in an IV line and cause complications if it gets into venous system |
| infusion pumps | used to ensure a constant delivery rate |
| elastometric pumps | useful for intermittent or very slow, continuous infusions |
| IM Injection sites | gluteal maximus, deltoid (upper arm) and thigh muscles |
| IM Injection formulations | solutions, suspensions, colloids in aqueous and oil based solvents, oil-in-water emulsions or water-in-oil emulsions |
| oil in water emulsions | an oil dispersed in water; mix readily with water based liquids (ex: milk. fat globules dispersed in water) |
| water in oil emulsions | water based mixed in oil; mix readily with oil based liquids (ex: cod liver oil) |
| z-tract injection | method of injecting medication into a large muscle using a needle and syringe; seals the medication deeply within the muscle and allows no exit path back into the subcutaneous tissue and skin. Used for medicines that stain the skin or irritate tissues. |
| SC injection sites | lower abdomen, front of thigh, back, back of upper arm |
| biocompatability | not irritating; does not promote infection or abcess |
| wheal | raised or blister-like area on the skin caused by an ID (intradermal) injection |
| normal volume of tears | estimated to be 7 to 10 microliters |
| normal commercial volume | 50 microliters |
| % of dose lost from overflow of the eye | 80% Only about 20% of a dose is actually absorbed into the eye. |
| Tear production | 2 microliters per minute; turnover is every 2 to 3 minutes |
| Capacity of adult nasal cavity | 20ml |
| inspiration | breathing in |
| MDI | metered dose inhalers |
| percutaneous absorption | absorption of drugs through the skin, often for systemic effect |
| Rules of percutaneous absorption | more drug is absorbed when applied to larger area; greater amount of rubbing in, the greater the absorption; longer the contact with the skin, the greater absorption; formulations or dressings that increase skin hydration generally improves absorption |
| stratum corneum | outermost layer of epidurmis |
| gels | dispersions of solid drugs in jelly like vehicle |
| lotions | suspensions of solid drugs in an aqueous vehicle |
| ointments | drugs incorporated into a base (such as petrolatum, polyethylene glycols) |
| colloidions | liquid preparations of pyroxylin (pulpy or cottonlike polymer) dissolved in a solvent mixture of ether and alcohol (ex: Liquid bandages) |
| liniments | alcoholic or oil based solutions, generally applied by rubbing (ex: absorbine jr.) |
| pastes | used for protective action; more solid materials than ointments, stiffer and less penetrating |
| plasters | provide prolonged contact at application site; solid or semisolid (common backing material: cotton, moleskin, paper) |
| powders | mixture of drug and inactive base (ex cornstarch) |
| transdermal systems | patches, tapes, gauzes used to deliver drugs through skin for a systemic effect |
| glycerinated gelatin | base used to make suppositories; good for prolonged local effects because it softens slowly; preferred for vaginal suppositories |
| polyethylene glycols | used in suppositories; dissolve when inserted into a body cavity, which allows for storage without refrigeration |
| solid formulations | tablets, capsules, bulk powder |
| modified released formulations | primary goal is to reduce the amount of doses; many terms are used to identify these drugs: ER/XR (extended release) prolonged action (PA), sustained release (SR) controlled/continued release (CR) time release (TR) and long acting (LA) |
| local effect | drug activity is at site of administration |
| systemic effect | drug introduced into the venous (circulatory) system and carried to site of activity |
| enteral routes | oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal |
| enteral dosage forms | tablets, capsules, bulk powders, solutions, suspensions, elixers, syrups, emulsions, lozenges, ointments, suppositores; (know what forms can be used where) |
| parenteral route | intraocular, intranasal, inhalation, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, dermal, dermal, subcutaneous, vaginal |
| parenteral dosage forms | solutions, suspensions, ointments, inserts, gels, aerosols, powders, colloids, emulsions, tinctures, liniments, creams, lotions, pastes, plasters, transdermal patches, IUDs (IMPORTANT: know what forms can be used where!) |
| sublingual & buccal | route of administration used when rapid action is desired; some limitations include bitter taste and conditions which may inhibit patient from taking medications orally |
| rectal administration | given for local effect or to avoid degradation; limitations include: many patients do not prefer rectal dosage forms, seen as inconvenient; absorption is erratic and unpredictable |
| parenteral administration | used becausee: poor absorption of oral drug, med degraded by stomach/intestinal acids, rapid drug response desired, patient is unconscious/unable to take the drug; disadvantages: cost/skills to administer, risks of administration or if reaction occurs |
| injection independent | opthalmic, intranasal, inhalation, dermal, vaginal, otic |
| injection dependent | intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, epidural, intrathecal |
| buffer system | ingredients in a formulation designed to control the pH |
| sterile | bacteria-free |
| complications that can occur from IV administration | thrombus, phlebitis, air emboli, particulate material |
| IM injection formulations | solutions, suspensions, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions and colloids in aqueous and oil-based solvents |
| subcutaneous injection sites | lower abdomen, back of arm, front thigh, upper back |
| viscosity | thickness of liquid |
| wheal | caused by an ID inhection; raied blister-like area on the skin |
| ways intranasal dosage is lost | amounts of drug are swallowed; normal mucous flow remove drug; enzymes in mucosa metabolize certain drugs |
| recommended period for intranasal administration | 3 to 5 days; prolonged used can lead to swelling, which can cause a rebound of symptons previously intended to be treated by the nasal spray. |
| syringability | ease with which a suspension can be be drawn from a container into a syringe |
| injectability | ease of flow when a suspension is injected into a patient |
| infusion | gradual intravenous injection of a volume of fluid into a patient ; generally a large volume (i.e. electrolyte solution) |
| infusion pumps | administration devises used for the administration of certain medications (such as analgesics or insulin) at a controlled rate |
Created by:
MrsAFlaherty
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