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GEOS 2202 Exam One
Fairmont State University Geosphere Exam One Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Mass | amount of "stuff: in something / how many particles there are |
| Volume | how much space something takes up |
| How do molecules behave in a solid? | they vibrate |
| What is generally true about the density of a solid? | it is more dense than liquids and gases |
| How do molecules behave in a liquid? | they flow / slide |
| What is generally true about the density of a liquid? | it is less dense than a solid |
| What happens to the molecules in a liquid when it is cooled? | they condense |
| What happens to the molecules in a liquid when it is heated? | they expand |
| How do molecules behave in a gas? | they move freely / bounce |
| What is generally true about the density of a gas? | it is less dense than a liquid |
| What type of energy do the molecules of a gas have? | kinetic |
| What are the four states of matter? | solid, liquid, gas and plasma |
| What causes a change in the state of matter? | changes in energy |
| Is the shape of a solid definite or indefinite? | definite |
| Is the volume of a solid definite or indefinite? | definite |
| Is the shape of a liquid definite or indefinite? | indefinite |
| Is the volume of a liquid definite or indefinite? | definite |
| Is the shape of a gas definite or indefinite? | indefinite |
| Is the volume of a gas definite or indefinite? | indefinite |
| Is the shape of a plasma definite or indefinite? | indefinite |
| Is the volume of a plasma definite or indefinite? | indefinite |
| Definite | will never change |
| Indefinite / Variable | will change |
| What is the most distinguished quality of a plasma? | the atoms are separated depending on their charges, so it is not neutralized |
| How was the earth formed? | accretion |
| Accretion | the energy of the impacts that formed the earth generated enough heat to cause partial melting, where layers formed based off density |
| How did heavier things like Ni and Fe behave during accretion? | they moved inwards because they are more dense |
| How did lighter things like air, silicates and water behave during accretion? | they moved outwards because they are less dense |
| What are the three major divisions of the earth's interior? | crust, mantle and core |
| Mental models | represent things that we have never seen |
| Physical models | smaller representations of objects we have seen |
| Density | mass per unit volume / how much stuff is packed into a set amount of space |
| Density formula | density = mass / volume |
| What is the unit for mass? | grams |
| What is the unit for volume? | centimeters cubed or mL |
| What is the unit for density? | grams / cm cubed or grams / mL |
| What is 1 cm cubed equal to? | one mL |
| How do you measure mass? | through a balance |
| What does a scale measure? | weight / the gravitational pull on an object |
| How do you measure the volume of a liquid? | through a graduated cylinder |
| How do you measure the volume of a regular shape? | through a mathematical formula |
| How do you measure the volume of an irregular shape? | through the water displacement method |
| What is iron's density? | 7.9 g/cm cubed |
| What is ice's density? | 0.92 g/cm cubed |
| What is water's density? | 1 g/cm cubed |
| Why is ice less dense than water even though it is a solid? | due to the polarization of its molecules |
| A buoyant force ____ while gravity _____. | pushes upwards / pulls down |
| If buoyant force is greater than gravitational force, the object ____. | floats |
| If buoyant force is less than gravitational force, the object ____. | sinks |
| If buoyant force is equal to than gravitational force, the object ____. | is neutral |
| Buoyancy | the force that pushes an object upward and makes it seem to lose weight in liquids |
| Archimedes Principle | buoyant force = weight of the fluid the object displaces |
| Isostasy | balance/equilibrium between adjacent blocks of brittle crust "floating" on the upper mantle |
| What can isostasy also be referred to as? | rebound |
| What does isostasy explain? | why in places where we have mountain ranges, the crust submerges further down than where there is less mass on top |
| What rock is continental crust made of? | granitic rock (granite and granodiorite) |
| What rock is oceanic crust made of? | basalt |
| What rock is the mantle made of? | peridotite at the top and basic oxides at the bottom |
| What rock is the core made of? | molten iron and nickel |
| What's earth's average density? | 5.5 g/cm^3 |
| What's the continental crust's density? | 2.7 g/cm^3 |
| What's the oceanic crust's density? | 3.0 g/cm^3 |
| What's the upper mantle's density? | 3.3 g/cm^3 |
| What's the lower mantle's density? | 5.5 g/cm^3 |
| What's the outer core's density? | 10 g/cm^3 |
| What's the inner core's density? | 13 g/cm^3 |
| What layer of the earth contains the crust and upper mantle? | lithosphere |
| What are some characteristics of the lithosphere? | it is brittle (like a potato chip) and broken into pieces called tectonic plates |
| What layer is below the lithosphere? | asthenosphere |
| What are some characteristics of the asthenosphere? | higher temperature than mantle's surface, allowing for the rock to be somewhat melted (like taffy) |
| What layer is below the asthenosphere? | mesosphere |
| According to isostasy, what landforms will make the crust sink lower? | mountains |
| According to isostasy, what must happen to landforms for the crust to rebound? | mountains need to erode or glaciers need to melt |
| Why do magnets stick to fridge doors? | the doors have iron |
| Why can you use a compass for direction? | its needles align with the north and south pole |
| What is true of a bar magnet? | it can repel any other magnet |
| Ferromagnetic Magnets | magnetic material that results from unpaired electrons spinning in the same direction |
| How many unpaired electrons does Fe have? | 4 |
| How many unpaired electrons does Co have? | 3 |
| How many unpaired electrons does Ni have? | 2 |
| Where are magnetic field lines closer on a bar magnet? | the poles |
| What are the three defining characteristics of magnetic fields? | (1) they are continuous (2) they are unbroken (3) they do not cross |
| Why do compasses work? | the earth behaves as a bar magnet |
| Why do we have a magnetic field? | dynamo effect |
| Dynamo Effect | the earth has a liquid outer core that contains Fe atoms that generate magnetism |
| What causes friction within the outer core? | rotation rate of the inner core and earth |
| What makes the magnetic poles unique from geographic poles? | the magnetic poles can flip |
| In what direction do magnetic fields travel? | from south to north when going through the bar and from north to south when outside the car |
| How do we know our magnetic field flips? | our compasses have flipped and mid-ocean ridge rock reversal |
| How do we know a magnetic reversal is coming? | our magnetic field becomes weakened |
| Freezing point depression | lowering the freezing point |
| Boiling point elevation | increasing the boiling point |
| In our boiling water lab, we had plateaus at the beginning and end of our graph. What heat is being added during these plateaus? | latent |
| In our boiling water lab, we had an increase at the middle of our graph. What heat is being added during these plateaus? | sensible |
| How much energy does it take to heat up water? | 4.184 J/gdegreeC |
| Will an object with a smaller heat capacity heat up faster or slower? | faster |
| Water is a ___ molecule. | polar |
| What does it mean that water is a polar molecule? | its electrons are at one end and protons at another end |
| Dipole | when one side of the molecule is positive and the other is negative |
| What was Alfred Wegener trained in? | astronomy and meteorology |
| Who proposed continental drift in 1912? | Alfred Wegener |
| Why weren't Wegener's claims accepted? | he did not have the credentials or evidence to make such a claim |
| Who first published an article stating the coastlines of Africa and South America fit together in the 1620s? | Francis Bacon |
| What were the two components of Wegener's continental drift hypothesis? | (1) continents were once a single land mass (2) landmasses moved by plowing through the ocean floor |
| What was wrong with Wegener's hypothesis? | point two was proven to not be possible |
| what are our five pieces of evidence for continental drift? | jigsaw puzzle, similar structures, ancient rock sequences, fossil evidence, glacial grooves |
| What does the jigsaw puzzle fit claim state? | different continents are able to fit together like a puzzle; first discovered by Bacon then republished by Wegener |
| What does the similar structure claim state? | mountain ranges match up between continents (Atlas mountains in Africa match the Appalachian mountains in North America) |
| What does the ancient rock sequences claim state? | rock layers from one continent match the layers on another with the same material and thickness |
| What does the fossil species claim state? | fossils from the same animal/plant can be found on different continents that are now separated by oceans |
| Where is the mesosaurus fossil found? | Africa and South America |
| Where is the lystrosaurus fossil found? | Africa, India and Antarctica |
| Where is the glossopteris (plant) fossil found | Antarctica, Australia, South America and Africa |
| What does the glacial grooves claim state? | there are carved out lines throughout bedrock that were formed by moving ice and boulders that match between continents |
| Why did continental drift not become a theory? | Wegener had too incredible of a reason for the hypothesis and scientific snobbery |
| How much do lithosphere plates move? | 5-10 cm a year |
| What underwater test was done to test Wegener's hypothesis? | sonar sea mapping by navy submarines |
| What did sonar sea mapping reveal? | the mid-atlantic ridge |
| Mid-Atlantic Ridge | a ridge covering the length of the globe that goes straight through the Atlantic Ocean |
| How are mid-ocean ridges formed? | volcanism |
| Explain the process of volcanism | magma breaks through oceanic crust, comes out as lava, coats the ocean floor as basalt rock that builds up and pushes existing rock away |
| What did Harry Hess claim? | seafloor spreading hypothesis (now theory) |
| What does the seafloor spreading theory state? | the Atlantic ocean is getting wider, which is moving the continents |
| What did Vine and Matthews do? | drug a magnetometer across the ocean floor to discover magnetic reversals |
| What did the magnetometers reveal? | the orientation of magnetic fields flip over time |
| What is the theory of plate tectonics? | the lithosphere is divided into a series of plates that interact with each other to cause earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains and new lithosphere |
| Why was the plate tectonic theory favored? | it was simple and answered many other questions |
| What allows the lithosphere plates to slide on top of the asthenosphere? | the asthenosphere is plastic, so the molecules of the two layers can slide past one another |
| What are the two mechanisms for plate tectonics? | convection cells and slab pull/plate push |
| What produces the heat for the convection cells? | heat from leftover creation of the earth forming and radioactive decay of elements in the mantle |
| How do convection cells behave? | they heat up, rise through the middle, expand towards the sides, cool, sink down and repeat |
| Tension Forces | pull apart plates |
| Compressional Forces | push together plates |
| What generates force in the lithosphere? | convection in the asthenosphere |
| What is slab pull? | the force due to the weight of the cold, dense sinking tectonic plate |
| What is plate push? | the force due to the buoyancy of the hot mantle rising to the surface beneath the ridge |
| When did the Appalachian mountains form? | when Pangea formed |
| When did the Himalayan mountains form? | when India collided with Eurasia |
| What are the three types of plate boundaries? | convergent, divergent, transform |
| What type of force do convergent boundaries have? | compressional (push plates together) |
| What happens at oceanic:oceanic convergent boundaries? | older plate subducts into the mantle, where melting occurs and that magma rises to break through the crust |
| What do oceanic:oceanic convergent boundaries cause? | island volcanic arc, subduction zone, trench, violent volcanoes and deep earthquakes |
| What happens at oceanic:continental convergent boundaries? | older plate subducts into the mantle, where melting occurs and that magma rises to break through the crust |
| What do oceanic:continental convergent boundaries cause? | on-land volcanic arc, subduction zone, trench, violent volcanoes and deep earthquakes |
| What happens at continental:continental convergent boundaries? | the denser of the continental plates sinks |
| What do continental:continental convergent boundaries cause? | metamorphic rocks, huge mountain ranges and big earthquakes |
| Orogeny | mountain building |
| What type of force do divergent boundaries have? | tensional (pull apart plates) |
| What happens at oceanic:oceanic divergent boundaries? | magma comes up, squeezes between plates to reach the surface then cools and forms new continental crust |
| What do oceanic:oceanic convergent boundaries cause? | oceanic ridge, quiet volcanic eruptions, shallow earthquakes |
| What happens at continental:continental divergent boundaries? | earth's crust spreads to cause a rift valley between the two plates |
| What do continental:continental convergent boundaries cause? | rift valley that can be filled with crust, lava or water |
| What are transform boundaries? | boundary where plates horizontally slide past one another |
| What do transform boundaries cause? | large earthquakes, faults |
| Force | a push or pull on an object |
| What does force cause? | strain |
| What does strain cause? | stress |
| What determines the response of strain? | the strength of the material |
| What two reactions can compressional forces cause? | rotational and nonrotational |
| Rotational Force | the force applied is being uneven, so the object ends up turning |
| Nonrotational Force | the force applied is directly opposite, so the object does not end up turning |
| What are the three types of response to force? | elastic, plastic, brittle |
| Elastic Strain | bounce/temporary deformation |
| What happens to the energy in elastic strain? | it is stored |
| How is stored energy released in elastic strain? | as work |
| Work | movement of energy in the same direction as force |
| What is an Earth example of elastic strain? | isostacy |
| Plastic Strain | bend/permanent deformation |
| What happens to energy in plastic strain? | it is consumed |
| What is an Earth example of plastic strain | bending/buckling of rock where mountains are being built |
| Brittle Strain | break/permanent deformation |
| What happens to energy in brittle strain? | it is stored until the object reaches its elastic limit |
| Elastic Limit | applied energy exceeds the material's ability to store |
| What is an Earth example of brittle strain? | fault lines |
| What is the response order to force? | elastic until it reaches its limit and then either plastic or brittle |
| What causes an earthquake? | a rock bends to store elastic energy until that limit is reached, where the built up strain is then released |
| Earthquake | waves of energy that travel through rock to the surface, where the ground breaks/vibrates |
| Hebgen Earthquake | largest earthquake in Montana (7.5) that caused a landslide and formed a river |
| Focus (Hypocenter) | where the earthquake originates in Earth |
| Epicenter | point on the earth's surface directly above the focus |
| MMI values | rank of intensity based off of eyewitness accounts and destruction |
| What do you draw around MMI values? | isoseismal lines |
| Crest | highest point of a wave; peak |
| Trough | lowest point of a wave; valley |
| Amplitude | distance from one crest/trough to the middle of the wave |
| Wavelength | distance from one crest to another/trough to trough |
| What does amplitude measure? | how much energy is in a wave |
| What is wavelength measured in? | cm |
| Frequency | how many waves passed a fix point in a given time |
| What is frequency measured in? | Hz |
| Velocity | distance a wave travels over time in m/s |
| What is a transverse wave? | they travel perpendicular to the force |
| What are types of transverse waves? | water and light |
| What is a longitudinal/compression wave? | they travel parallel to the force |
| What are types of longitudinal/compression wave? | sound |
| How does a wave behavior during travel? | it travels straight until it encounters something |
| Reflected | bounce back |
| Absorbed | taken in |
| Refracted | bends |
| What type of wave is light? | transverse |
| What is unique about light waves? | they do not require a vacuum or medium |
| Why do light waves not require a medium for travel? | due to their electromagnetic fields |
| What type of wave is sound? | longitudinal/compression |
| Do sound waves require a medium? | no |
| What is the fastest type of energy? | light |
| What affects the travel speed of sound waves? | density (they travel faster in denser objects) |
| What happens when P waves hit the outer core? | they reflect or refract |
| What happens when S waves hit the outer core? | they only reflect |
| Why do S waves reflect when they hit the outer core? | S waves can only travel through solids |
| How are earthquake waves categorized? | by where they travel |
| Body Waves | P and S waves that travel through the earth |
| Surface Waves | waves that vibrate only on earth's surface |
| Which wave arrives first? | P waves |
| Are P waves longitudinal/compression or transverse? | longitudinal/compression |
| Are S waves longitudinal/compression or transverse? | transverse |
| What are surface waves called? | L waves |
| What are the last waves to arrive? | surface waves |
| What type of the wave is the most destructive? | surface waves |
| What are the two types of surface waves? | love and rayleigh waves |
| How do L waves travel? | horizontal |
| How do R waves travel? | verticle |
| What can an earthquake cause? | tsunamis |
| Why aren't tsunamis known as tidal waves anymore? | they have nothing to do with the pull between the pull of the moon |
| How does a tsunami form? | at an ocean:continental subduction zone, the continental plate is pulled down with the oceanic plate until the elastic limit is reached and the water at the lower elevation rebounds |
| Seismometer | instrument that measures amplitude and duration of seismic waves |
| Seismogram | the physical chart with recorded waves |
| Seismograph | the device that records vibrations |
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