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brain exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the six different divisions of biopsychology? | physiological:manipulating brain functions(non human) psychopharmacology: manipulate brain functions w/ medication/drugs neuropsychology:examine influence of brain damage on behavior |
| six different divisions of biopsychology continued | psychophysiology:relationship between psychological activity of behavior cognitive neuroscience: imaginary, neutral basis of behavior comparative psychology: comparative evolution + genetics |
| What is the mind-brain distinction? | alludes to a person's morality, reasoning, and understanding |
| What do mentalism, dualism, and materialism see as the cause of behavior? | mentalism: behavior the result of mind Dualism: behavior is the result of the mind & body materialism: behavior is the result of brain activity |
| What are independent, dependent, and confounding variables? | independent: the thing we manipulate dependent variable: what we are measuring confounding variable: influences the levels of Iv |
| What is the difference between a within and between-subjects experiment? | Between subject is a different group of subjects tested under each condition with in subjects the group of subjects are tested under each condition |
| What are different ways that we can study the brain and behavior? | |
| Know the terminology for brain orientation and sections. | frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes remember where is each one |
| What is spatial and temporal resolution? | temporal: how frequent we can detect changes in the brain spatial: ability to differentiate two points in space from each other |
| What is deep brain stimulation | surgical implantation of electrodes into a specific brain region that send steady pulses of electricity to the area, a pace maker for the brain |
| What are the deep brain stimulation resolution advantages/disadvantages? | avantages: does not damage healthy tissue , effective for parkinson's patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled by meds disadvantages: invasive surgical produce, fine-turning the device can take week or months & may need to be rejected |
| and TMS? What are their advantages/disadvantages? | pros: can demonstrate causality, therapeutic effects, effers on the brain are brief cons: cannot be used to stimulate deep brain tissue , rare occurrence of side effects |
| : Single cell recording, | pros; very good spatial temporal resolution cons: very invasive, whole coverage imposible |
| PET | pros: can imagine brain physiology at the molecular level in great deal cons: uses ionizing radiation(max 45 scans per patient/yr, have an average across patients , low spatial resolution , expensive |
| EEG | pros: excellent temporal resolution, non invasive, cost effective cons: poor spatial resolution, cannot measure activity from deep brain structures |
| ERP | the changes in voltage within a specified time frame that represent brain activity related to an event |
| fMRI advantages | pros: good spacial resolution, can be performed repeatedly on the same individual, does not require averaging acosa individual |
| fMRI disadvantages | cons:indirect measure of neutral activity, ppl w/ pacemakers or metal plates /rods cannot undergo MRI, poor temporal resolution, very expensive & noisy |
| CT scan advantages | pros: painless & non invasive, can imagine bone, soft tissue,blood, & CSF simultaneously, cost effective, x-ray have little to immediate side effects |
| ct scan disadvantages | sight risk of cancer w/ any radiation exposure, low resolution=blurry images, pregnant woman cannot undergo ct scans |
| MRI | pros: high resolution & clarity, non invasive cons: ppl w/ pacemakers of mental plates w/ rods cannot undergo MRI, extremely loud |
| What are the divisions of the nervous system and their functions? | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system CNS–the brain and spinal cord. processes and integrates information and coordinates responses. PNS–all the nerves outside the CNS. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body. |
| What are the divisions of the CNS | Brain:Cerebrum: Controls higher cognitive functions. Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.brainstem: Controls involuntary functions Spinal Cord – Transmits signals between the brain and the body and controls reflex actions. |
| and PNS and their functions? | Connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Transmits sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) signals. |
| What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their functions? | Sympathetic Nervous System – "Fight or flight" response. Parasympathetic Nervous System – "Rest and digest" response. Enteric Nervous System – Regulates gastrointestinal functions independently but is influenced by the CNS. |
| What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves? | Afferent = Arrives at the CNS (sensory input) Efferent = Exits the CNS (motor output) |
| What are the meninges and their primary function? | the three layers of protective tissues that encase the brain & spinal cord Dura Mater:The outermost, toughest layer. Arachnoid Mater:The middle layer with a web-like structure. Pia Mater : the innermost, delicate layer. |
| What is the Circle of Willis? | the place at the bottom of the brain where the 3 major arteries meet |
| What deficits may occur from a stroke in each of the three arteries? | PCA: visual effects MCA: hemiparesis & aphasia ACA behavioral abnormalities, leg weakness |
| What is a gyrus and a sulcus? | gyrus is a raised ridge or fold on the cerebral cortex. sulcus is a groove or depression between two gyri. |
| what is a fissure? (know lateral and longitudinal) | a deep groove or furrow in the brain that separates large regions or lobes. Longitudinal Fissure separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure – Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. |
| What are white matter and gray matter primarily made up of? What are ventricles? | gray:mainly made up of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, and unmyelinated axons. white: Primarily made of myelinated axons ventricles: fluid-filled cavities within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CS |
| What are the primary functions of cerebral spinal fluid? | assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal |
| What are the main functions of neurons? What is plasticity? | neurons: specialized nerve cell engaged in informing processing plasticity: changes in structure &/or function as a result of experience |
| What are the three types of neurons and what do they do? | sensory: carry sensory info into spinal cord & brain motor: carries motor info from brain/spinal card to muscles interneurons: connect sensory & motor info |
| What are excitation and inhibition? | excitation: Increases the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential. inhibition: Decreases the likelihood that a neuron will fire an action potential. |
| What are the symptoms of meningioma and glioma brain tumors? | meningioma: tumor attached to the meninges glioma: tumor that arises from glial cells |
| What is a synapse (label it)? Neurotransmitter? | synapse: a very small space between two neurons that allow cell to cell communication neurotransmitter: chemical released by. a neuron onto the target w/ an excitatory or inhibitory effect |
| What are the four steps of neurotransmission? | 1) synthesis: some neurotransmitters are transported from the nucleus to the terminal button 2)release; in response to an action potential, the transmitter is |
| the four steps of neurotransmission continued | 3) receptor action: transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft & blinds to a receptor 4) inactivation: the transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft |
| Know the function of the following neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin | acetylcholine: memory, neuron excitability dopamine: motor behavior, feelling of reward/pressure norepinephrine: maintaining emotional tone serotonin: maintaining waking EEG pattern, mood |
| functions of serotonin, glutamate, and gaba. | glutamate:Learning and memory, Neuronal communication, Motor control gaba: Regulating neural excitability, Relaxation and sleep, Motor control |
| What are the four neurotransmitter activating systems? | acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, Serotonergic |
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as12
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