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Psych Unit 7 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental psychology | Examines development across life, focusing on nature and nurture, continuity and stages, and stability and change |
| Nature and nurture | Genetics vs experiences |
| Continuity and stages | Gradual vs sudden change |
| Stability and change | What changes at all |
| Teratogens | Harmful chemicals that reach the fetus prenatally |
| Maternal illnesses | Illnesses of the mother can be transmitted to the kid |
| Genetic mutations | Changes to a gene's DNA sequence |
| Maturation | Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience |
| Rooting | A reflex where a baby roots after touch to the mouth |
| Visual cliff | An apparatus that is flat with an apparent drop part-way across |
| Jean Piaget | Developmental psychologist who studied children's cognition |
| Schemas | Concepts or mental molds that organize information |
| Assimilation | Interpreting our experiences in terms of current schemas |
| Accommodation | Changing our schemas to incorporate new information |
| Sensorimotor stage | Birth to age two, when babies take in the world through their senses and actions |
| Object permanence | Awareness that objects exist even when they are not perceived |
| Preoperational stage | From age two to six or seven, when kids represent things with words and images but are too young to perform mental operations |
| Egocentrism | Preschool-age children have difficulty perceiving other points of view |
| Concrete operational stage | From age seven to eleven, children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
| Conservation | The principle that quantity is consistent despite a change in shape |
| Mental operations | Effectively a kind of inference |
| Theory of Mind | People's ideas about their own and others' mental states |
| Formal operational stage | Beginning at age twelve, reasoning expands to encompass abstract thinking |
| Abstract logic | Logic involving imagined realities and symbols |
| Lev Vygotsky | Russian psychologist who also studied how children think |
| Scaffolding | A framework in Vygotsky's theory that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking |
| Stranger anxiety | Fear of strangers |
| Attachment | An emotional tie with another person |
| Critical period | The optimal period when exposure to certain stuff leads to normal development |
| Imprinting | The process by which animals form strong attachments in early life |
| Strange situation experiment | Observed how infants acted with and without their moms |
| Secure attachment | When a child feels comforted by their caregiver's prescence |
| Insecure attachment | A lack of trust in a child's caregiver(s) |
| Mary Ainsworth | Designed the strange situation experiment |
| Anxious attachment | Craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to rejection signs |
| Avoidant attachment | Discomfort getting close to others |
| Ambivalent attachment | When the kid acts angry and indecisive |
| Temperament | Emotional dispositions, reactions, speed, and intensity |
| Separation anxiety | Excessive fear when separated from a close attachment |
| Disorganized attachment | Inconsistent, mixture of resistant and avoidant behaviors |
| Authoritarian parenting style | Coercive, imposes rules and expects obedience |
| Permissive parenting style | Unrestraining, few demands, limits, or punishment |
| Authoritative parenting style | Confrontive, demanding, and responsive |
| Adolescence v. puberty | Adolescence begins with puberty and ends with adulthood |
| Primary sex characteristics | Physiological structures directly related to reproduction |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Physiological structures related to sex but not part of reproductive system |
| Menarche | First menstrual cycle |
| Spermarche | First ejaculation |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development |
| Preconventional morality | Selfish morality to avoid punishment or gain reward |
| Conventional morality | Social rules and laws upheld for their own sake |
| Postconventional morality | Affirms agreed upon rights or personally perceived ethical principles |
| Psychosocial development | How a child's behavior/cognition changes towards adulthood |
| Trust vs mistrust | Issue in infancy, needs should be dependably met |
| Autonomy vs doubt | Issue in toddlerhood, need to learn to do things for themselves |
| Initiative vs guilt | Issue in preschool, need to learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans |
| Competence vs inferiority (industry vs shame) | Issue in elementary school, need to learn the pressure of applying themselves |
| Identity vs role confusion | Issue in adolescence, need to refine a sense of self |
| Intimacy vs isolation | Issue in young adulthood, need to form close relationships |
| Generativity vs stagnation | Issue in middle adulthood, need to contribute to the world |
| Integrity vs despair | Issue in late adulthood, reflection upon life |
| Ecological systems theory | We encounter different environments in life that influence behavior |
| Mircosystem | Groups that play an immediate and explicit role in a kid's life |
| Mesosystem | Groups outside the home that influence the child's development |
| Exosystem | Environments where the kid isn't an active participant but still impacts development |
| Macrosystem | Cultural developments affecting a child's development |
| Chronosystem | Refers to changes that occur throughout a child's lifespan |
| Identity | An individual's sense of who they are |
| Achievement (of identity) | The long process where adolescents form a stable self-identity |
| Diffusion (of identity) | When someone doesn't have a strong sense of self and doesn't work on it |
| Foreclosure (of identity) | Dedication to an identity prematurely and without compromise |
| Moratorium (of identity) | Those exploring their identity but have yet to make a commitment |
| Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) | Potentially traumatic events occurring in a childhood |
| Emerging adulthood | Period of development from eighteen to twenty-nine |
| Menopause | When a women's menstrual period ends entirely |
| Cross-sectional studies | Studies at one point in time |
| Longitudinal studies | Studies over long periods of time |
| Social clock | A concept that explores the timetable for certain events like marriage, graduation, employment, etc. |
| Negligent parenting style | Uninvolved, neither demanding nor responsive |
Created by:
mejones
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