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Anatomy & Physiology
Lecture 2 Slides • Chapter 7 Book Questions • & Annaquest: 11-7 & 12-03
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What muscle elevates the tongue tip? | Superior Longitudinal Intrisic |
| What muscle depresses the tongue tip? | Inferior Longitudinal Intrinsic |
| What muscle protrudes the tongue? | Genioglossus, Posterior Portion |
| What muscle retracts the tongue? | Genioglossus, Anterior Portion; Styloglossus |
| What muscle elevates the posterior tongue? | Palatoglossus |
| What muscle narrows the tongue? | Transverse Intrinsic |
| What muscle flattens the tongue? | Vertical Intrinsic; Genioglossus |
| What muscle depresses the velum? | Palatoglossus; Palatopharyngeus |
| What muscle constricts the esophageal opening? | Cricopharyngeus |
| What muscle constricts the upper pharynx | Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor |
| What muscle elevates the velum? | Levator Veli Palatini |
| Is the upper lip faster and stronger than the upper lip? | NO |
| Is the upper lip faster and stronger than the lower lip? | YES |
| What develops from head to tail and from proximal to distal? | Motor Control |
| What describes the requirement for speakers to learn sequences of motor acts for articulation and link them to form articulatory movements? | Associated Chain Theory |
| What is known as the overlapping effect of one articulatory movement on another? | Coarticulation |
| What involves a 'master control' mechanism that dictates muscle movements based on the linguistic goals? | Central Control Theory |
| What sees articulation as achieving a goal through the interaction of coordinative structures; when activated muscle groups work together to achieve the goal at the terminal effector? | Task Dynamic |
| Elevation of the back of the tongue is a movement that depends on the graceful balance of many muscles. Which of the muscles are involved? Consider the muscles that must work as antagonists to help structures as well. | Requires active contraction of the palatoglossus, styloglossus, & vertical intrinsic muscle. When the palatoglossus (velar depressor) contracts to elevate the tongue, the levator veli palatini must contract to keep the soft palate elevated. |
| The portion of the skeleton which includes the trunk, head, and neck is called... | Axial Skeleton |
| The type of tissue that's elastic and more delicate is known as... | Cartilage |
| Which tissue supports organs between muscles? | Cartilage |
| This muscles are skeletal and voluntary/somatic... | Striated Muscle |
| This muscle group are visceral and involuntary... | Smooth Muscle |
| This muscle group is responsible for the heart and is involuntary (automatic)... | Cardiac Muscle |
| The skeletal muscle anatomy includes... | 1. Artery 2. Vein 3. Nerve 4. Tendon |
| What moves fresh oxygenated blood to structures (muscles)? | Artery |
| What takes deoxygenated blood away from structure and to heart? | Vein |
| What stimulates the muscle to make it contract? | Nerve |
| Which attaches muscle to bone or cartilage? | Tendon |
| What are the specialized sense organs for signaling tension? | 1. Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) 2. Spindles 3. MuscleTtone |
| Which organ(s) are sensitive to muscle tension and found in tendons? | Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) |
| Which organ(s) are sensitive to muscle stretch? | Spindles |
| Which organ(s) is responsible for the interaction of muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs (GTOs)? | Muscle Tone |
| Spindles can be characterized by... | 1. Instantaneous muscle length 2. Rate of change in muscle length |
| The perception of resistance to passive movement of stretching s known as... | Tone |
| What are the types of muscle tones? | Spastic & Flaccid |
| Spastic Muscle Tone | High Muscle Tone |
| Flaccid Muscle Tone | Low Muscle tone/weak/paralyzed |
| Smooth Muscles are innervated (supported) by... | Divisions of peripheral nervous system (PNS), not under voluntary control |
| Characteristics of the smooth muscle are | 1. Innervated by (PNS) - not under voluntary control 2. The cells have tapered ends - single nucleus 3. Slow/sustained contraction 4. Found in Blood Vessels & Internal Organs 5. Lines the majority of the digestive system |
| Cardiac muscles can be ... | Found exclusively in the ___, and can be striated but ___ (has characteristics of both smooth and skeletal muscle) |
| In the skeletal muscle, the thing that covers the whole muscle is known as | Epimysium |
| Within the whole Epimysium, there's a sheath that surrounds each fascicle known as... | Fasciculus (Fascicle) |
| The sheath that surrounds each fascicle is called the... | Perimysium |
| What type of muscle cell is inside the Fasciculus (Fascicle)? | Muscle fiber |
| What is the name of the material that fills the gaps between the muscle fibers? | Endomysium |
| Inside of the muscle fiber what is the sheath that surrounds the myofibrils and sarcoplasm? | Sarcolemma |
| Every myofibril contains... | Myofilaments |
| Breakdown all of the muscles within the skeletal muscles. | 1. Whole Muscle 2. Fasciculus 3. Muscle fiber 4. Myofibrils 5. Myofilaments |
| Breakdown all of the sheaths within the skeletal muscles. | 1. Epimysium 2. Perimysium 3. Endomysium 4. Sarcolemma |
| The muscles and sheaths together are broken down in what order | 1. Tendon 2. Muscle Belly 3. Epimysium 4. Fasciculus 5. Perimysium 6. Muscle Fiber 7. Endomysium 8. Myofibril 9. Sarcolemma 10. Myofilaments |
| What is the name of the thin parts of the myofilament, what does it do? | Actin Protein, they help the myosin contract the muscles |
| What is the name of the thick parts of the myofilament, what does it do? | Myosin Protein, they have cross bridges projections that create force when passing the actin to cause contraction in the whole muscle |
| The myofibril have | |
| Muscle action that does not result in movement of structure is known as... | Isometric Contraction |
| Muscles that maintains a fixed tension throughout the contraction and the length may or may not vary is known as... | Isotonic Contraction |
| A contraction without fixe length is... | Anisometric |
| A contraction without fixed tension is... | Anisotonic |
| A contraction where the muscle is shortening is... | Concentric |
| A contraction where the muscle is lengthening... | Eccentric |
| What type of contraction would a plank exercise be considered? | Isometric |
| What type of contraction would a squat exercise be considered? | Isotonic |
| What type of contraction would a pull up exercise be considered? | Concentric |
| When action potential is generated, there's an... | All-or-nothing response (all-or-none) |
| Muscle twitches are a result of | an action potential |
| Fine movement can be defined as... | A small number of muscle fibers needed to be innervated |
| Gross movement can be defined as... | A a lot of muscle fibers need to be recruited |
| When many motor nerves are used to activate a muscle that's known as... | Multiple Motor Unit Summation (Ex. moving a chair v.s. moving a piano) |
| What are the key points of slow twitch fibers? | • Gross Motor Movement • Takes a longer time to move • Fatigue Resistant • 1 neuron innervates thousands of slow twitch fibers |
| What are the key points of fast twitch fibers? | • Fine Motor Movement • Capable of rapid contraction movements • Fatigue Quickly • 1 Neuron innervates 10-20 fast twitch fibers |
| What are some examples of slow twitch fiber movements? | • Postural muscles in the back (standing without getting tired) • • |
| What are some examples if fast twitch fiber movements? | • Tip of the tongue movements • Blinking • |
| What are the electrode types in an electromyography (EMG)? | Surface & Intramuscular |
| What information is measured in an electromyography (EMG)? | • Which muscle is contracting • Timing info • Relative Amplitude• |
| The ___ includes the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures, brainstem) and spinal cord. | Central Nervous System |
| The ___ consists of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, as well as the sensory receptors. | Peripheral Nervous System |
| ___ speeds up the rate of conduction of a neuron, | Myelin |
| Areas in which myelin is missing are known as the ___. | Nodes of Ranvier |
| The ___ is also called the body. | Soma |
| ___ is found within the synaptic vesicles. | Neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitter substance is released into the ___. | Synaptic Cleft |
| ___ are also known as motor neurons. | Efferent Neurons |
| Information generally exits through the ___. | Axon |
| Information is generally received at the ___. | Dendrites |
| ___ are also known as sensory neurons. | Afferent Neurons |
| The ___ is the information lifeline to and from the periphery of the body. | Spinal Cord |
| The regions of the body served by sensory neurons are known as ___. | Dermatomes |
| ___ refers to cell bodies. | Grey Matter |
| Sensory information is carried through the ___. | Dorsal Root Fibers |
| Motor information is conveyed through the ___. | Ventral Root Fibers |
| Sensory pathways are known as ___ pathways. | Afferent |
| Motor pathways are known as ___ pathways | Efferent |
| Gray matter is made up of ___. | Cell Bodies |
| White matter is made up of ___. | Myelinated Fibers (Axons) |
| The ___ is the simplest stimulus-response system of the nervous system. | Spinal Reflex Arc |
| The pathways through which information reaches the higher centers of the brain are called ___. | Tracts |
| Information entering from the right side of the body ends on the ___ side of the brain. | Left |
| ___ pathways transmit sensory information. | Afferent |
| ___ pathways transmit motor commands. | Efferent |
| Because it activates muscles served by the spinal cord it is called the ___. | Corticospinal Tract |
| The point at which fibers cross from one side to the other is called the ___. | Pyramidal Decussation |
| The pyramidal decussation is within the ___. | Medulla |
| The term "bulb" refers to the ___. | Brainstem |
| The ___ tract activates cranial nerves. | Corticobulbar |
| A ___ is a groove or infolding of the cortex. | Sulcus |
| A ___ is a very deep groove. | Fissure |
| A ___ is an outfolding of the cortex. | Gyrus |
| The ___ is very important for speech and language because it is the site for input of auditory information. | Temporal Lobe |
| The ___ is extremely important for memory processing. | Hippocampus |
| The corpus callosum is made up of ___ fibers. | Commissural |
| ___ fibers connect one location on a hemisphere with the corresponding location on the other hemisphere. | Commissural |
| ___ connect the cerebrum with distant structures. | Projection Fibers |
| The corticospinal tract is made up of ___. | Projection Fibers |
| The ___ interconnect the lobes of the brain within the same hemisphere. | Long Association Fibers |
| The ___ is the most superficial meningeal lining of the brain. | Dura Mater |
| The ___ is a lacelike covering through which many blood vessels for the brain pass. | Arachnoid Mater |
| The inner-most layer of the meninges is the ___. | Pia Mater |
| Inside each ventricle is a ___ which produces cerebrospinal fluid. | Choroid Plexus |
| The ___ are the largest of the ventricles, and are found in each of the lobes of the cerebum. | Lateral Ventricles |
| The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle is the ___. | Foramen of Monro |
| The 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle by means of the ___. | Cerebral Aqueduct |
| The ___ is situated behind the pons and medulla. | 4th Ventricle |
| The ___ is critical for coordination of movement. | Cerebellum |
| The ___ is the final sensory relay for sensory information conducted to the cerebrum. | Thalamus |
| The ___ regulates reproductive behavior and physiology and the desire for food and water. | Hypothalamus |
| Damage to the ___ will result in a movement deficit. | Basal Ganglia |
| Which nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and facial sensation? | V Trigeminal |
| Which nerve has both spinal and brainstem components? | XI Accessory |
| Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides motor innervation of the muscles of mastication? | Mandibular |
| Which nerve provides motor innervation of the face? | VII Facial |
| Which branch or nerve conducts information about position of head in space? | VIII Vestibular Branch |
| The ___ nerve innervates the superior pharyngeal constrictor. | IX Glossopharyngeal |
| The ___ innervates the muscle most responsible for pitch change in voice. | X Vagus, Superior Laryngeal Nerve |
| The ___ innervates the muscles of adduction and abduction. | X Vagus, Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve |
| Which area is responsible for the highest cognitive function of self-reflection? | Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
| Which area is responsible for execution of simple motor function? | Precentral Gyrus |
| Which area is responsible for expressive language? | Broca's Area |
| Which part of the parietal lobe is part of the dorsal visual stream? | Intraparietal Sulcus |
| Which part of the parietal lobe is involved in phonological processing? | Supramarginal Gyrus |
| Which part of the parietal lobe is the primary reception area for body sense? | Postcentral Gyrus |
| This area on the temporal lobe is the primary receptive area for audition. | Heschl's Gyrus |
| This area on the temporal lobe is a very important structure for memory. | Hippocampus |
| True or False... The dorsal visual stream terminates in the temporal lobe. | False! The dorsal visual stream processes spatial and motion-related information and terminates in the parietal lobe, not the temporal lobe. The temporal lobe is part of the ventral stream, which is responsible for object recognition. |
| This area on the occipital lobe is the primary reception area for vision. | Calcarine Sulcus |
| This structure is critical for motor programming for speech sounds. | Insula |
| This lobe is involved in finding the identity of something that is seen. | Temporal Lobe |
| What region is a primary sensory region? | Postcentral Gyrus BA 3 |
| What region is an association area? | Temporo-Occipital-Parietal Area |
| What region would be considered the primary motor execution area? | M1 |
| What region is a higher order processing area? | Intraparietal Sulcus |
| What is the association area is related to cognitive function? | Prefrontal Association Area |
| What is the association area is related to comprehension of language? | Temporo-Occipital-Parietal Association Area |
| What is the association area related to emotion generation and control? | Limbic Association Area |
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Cochisey
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