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Human DV (2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is DNA? | Complex molecule that contains genetic information. - Only 0.1% different than each other. |
| What are genes? | Units of hereditary information composed of short segments of DNA. -Direct cells to reproduce and to create proteins. -Proteins: How genes are expressed. |
| What is meiosis? | Duplicates chromosomes and then divides twice. -Makes gametes. |
| What is mitosis? | Make exact copies of 46 chromosomes. |
| What is fertilization? | Egg and sperm create zygote, fusing 23 chromosomes from female and 23 from male. -Zygote: Fertilized egg. |
| What is a genotype? | All one's genetic material. |
| What is a phenotype? | Observable physical and psychological characteristics. -Genotype + Enviornment. -How genotypes are expressed. |
| What are susceptibility genes? | Vulnerable to diseases or aging. -Longevity Genes: How long you live. |
| What is a dominant recessive gene? | Dominant overrides potential influence of recessive gene. |
| What is an incomplete dominant gene? | Only partially dominant. Mix. Ex- black mom + black dad= mixed child. |
| What is a co-dominant gene? | A blood type from mom and B blood type from dad results in a kid with AB blood. |
| What is polygenic inheritance? | Genes interact to determine characteristics. -Bi-racial children often have looser curls. |
| Explain sex-linked disorders. | Genetic. Often impact males because of y-chromosomes: Women have 2 x's ("double protection"). Ex-color blindness, hemophilia. |
| What is down syndrome? | Extra chromosome. -1 in 1,000. -Increased risk with older mothers. |
| What is spina bifida? | Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. -1 in 500. Need assistive devices like braces, crutches, or wheel chairs. Folic acid can help. |
| What is a genome? | An organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. -Each contain all info needed to build and maintain that organism. -Contained in nucleus. |
| What are the jobs of nature vs. the jobs of nurture? | Nurture: Turns the gene on and off. Nature: Changes the gene over time/evolves. |
| What is the impact on recent research in relation to "Nature vs. Nurture"? | We realized we were asking the wrong question. They both work together. Each have their own job. |
| Name one surprising inheritable trait. | Trauma. Ex- Parents who survived the Holocaust. Turns on genes that were passed on. -Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance. |
| What is the Germinal Period? | First two weeks creation of fertilized egg called zygote, cell division (mitosis), and attachment to the uterine wall. -One week after conception, cell differentiation occurs. |
| What are the two parts of an embryo? | 1.) Blastocyst: Inner mass develops into embryo (baby). 2.) Trophoblast: Outer layer provides nutrition and support for embryo (sack, egg, fluid). |
| What is the Embryonic Period? | 2 to 8 weeks after conception: -Rate of cell division intensifies. -Support system for cells form. -Organs appear. Begins when blastocyst attaches to uterine wall- now called embryo. |
| What are the three layers of cells/cell division? | 1. Endoderm Inner layer: digestive, respiratory system (internal parts) 2. Mesoderm Middle Layer: Bone, muscle, circulatory, excretory, reproductive system (surrounding internal part) 3. Ectoderm Outer Layer: Nervous system, senses, skin, nail (surface) |
| What is the support system of the trophoblast? | 1.) Amnion: sac of clear fluid for embryo (temp, humid, shock proof). 2.) Umbilical cord: two arteries and one vein connect to placenta. 3.) Placenta: fetal and maternal in which very small molecules fit. No bacteria, no hormones pass through. |
| What is the Fetal Period? | Start at 2 months ends at 7 months. 3 months- 3 in, 3 oz. Moving arms/legs, opening closing mouth 4 months- Genitals, face distinguishable 5 months- 12 in, 1 lb. Nails, active, hiccups, suck thumb End of 6 months- Grasp, waste in bowel, strong grip |
| Describe the brain during pregnancy. | Neural tube forms 18-24 days, closes at top and bottom. -Failure to close causes anencephaly or spina bifida. |
| What is a teratogen? | Greek for monster. -Agent that could potentially cause birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Ex: Drugs, incompatible blood types, pollutants, etc. |
| What are three factors that affect teratogen? | 1.) Dose: Amount/intensity of exposure to agent. Greater exposure=greater the effect. 2.) Genetic Susceptibility: Genotype mother and of fetus; how mother metabolizes certain drugs. 3.) Time of exposure: Do more damage at certain times. |
| How can AIDS infect a baby? | 1.) Across the placenta during gestation. 2.) During delivery by coming in contact with maternal bloods or fluids. 3.) Postpartum via breast feeding. |
| _________ can pass the placenta. | Viruses. |
| Define crossing over. | The source of variability where non-sister chromatids exchange DNA. |
| Define random assortment. | The source of variability where chromatids randomly align along the center and separate independently. |
| Define random gamete pairing. | The source of random variability where gametes have random genes to create unique combinations when fertilized. |
| What is a dendrite? | Part of the brain that receives incoming signals. EXTRA NOTE: Only one with an r, so it receives. |
| What is an axon? | Part of the brain that carries outgoing signals to other neurons. EXTRA NOTE: Fed-Axon carries outgoing mail. |
| What is a synapse? | Part of the brain that is the point of communication, the gap between. EXTRA NOTE: Like snapping the ball in football. |
| True or false: Development speeds up as you get older. | False, it slows down. |
Created by:
OliviaRoark
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