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Memory and cognition
AP psychology unit 5 memory and cognition notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | T he persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| encoding | the process of information into the memory system, taking the memory in |
| storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage; accessing the information |
| effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious information (explicit) |
| Automatic processing | unconscious encoding of information such as space, time, and well-learned information (implicit) |
| rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness, or to encode it for storage |
| chunking | organizing items into smaller, more manageable units |
| visual encoding | pictures, imagery, often remembered the best |
| acoustic encoding | sound, especially the sound of words |
| semantic encoding | encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| recall | retrieving the information from your memory |
| recognition | identifying the target memory from possible choices |
| sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| short term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotton |
| long term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Included knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli |
| echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
| working memory | short term memory that we are paying attention to and rehearsing |
| explicit memory | memory for information we can intentionally recall |
| episodic memory | memories for personal events in a specific time and place |
| flashbulb memory | a memory of an emotional, often traumatic event, where details are very clear in memory |
| semantic memories | memory for general facts and concepts, not linked to a specific time |
| implicit memory | automatic, subconscious memory |
| procedural memories | motor skills and habits |
| emotional memories | learned emotional responses to various stimuli |
| Hippocampus | creates and helps to store new memories |
| cerebellum | stores procedural memories, motor skills, and coordinated movements |
| retrieval cues | stimuli that helps retrieve information from long term memory (mnemonic devices) |
| state dependent memory | putting yourself in the same state of mind may help memory retrieval |
| context dependent memory | putting yourself in the same location or situation may help memory retrieval |
| mood congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood, good or bad. |
| Serial position effect | people tend to recall the first items (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list, but forget the items in the middle |
| Herman Ebbinghaus | studied memory loss/forgetting, developed the forgetting curve, which measures the decline of memory over time. |
| Interference | sometimes memories block each other from being encoded, stored, or retrieved properly |
| proactive interference | when a new memory is blocked |
| retroactive interference | when an old memory is blocked |
| Amnesia | severe memory loss |
| antergrade amnesia | an inability to form new memories, forgetting everything before an accident |
| retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from one's past, forgetting everything before an accident |
| elizabeth loftus | does research in memory construction that finds that subject's memories vary based ont he wording of questions (framing) |
| cognition | refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, problem solving, and communicating |
| concepts | mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| prototypes | the best example of a category |
| schemas | generalizations and mental representations about people, places, and things, which provide automatic thought patterns and opinions |
| creativity | the ability to produce novel, or new, and valuable ideas |
| divergent thinking | thinking outside the box; looking for multiple solutions to a problem |
| convergent thinking | narrowing down the possible solutions to determine the single best solution |
| trial and error | involves trying various possible solutions until one works |
| algorithm | a logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution, if done correctly |
| heuristics | simply thinking strategies, rules of thumb which use short cuts to save time, but do not guarantee a solution or answer |
| Availability heuristics | thinking that is based on what is present or available in one mind; available information at that moment a person has to form an opinion or make a choice |
| representative heuristics | is thinking that is based on opinions or thoughts that were previously formed, based on how well a topic is known |
| metacognition | thinking about thinking; metacognition is the ability to control your own thoughts; to be aware of your own thoughts |
| conformation bias | the tendency to focus on information that only supports one's thinking or beliefs |
| fixation | is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
| functional fixedness | the inability to see other uses for an object |
| mental set | the tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has previously worked |
| framing | how a problem is presented to us can influence our thinking |
| belief perseverance | the tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence |
| language | a flexible system of symbols that enables us to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings |
| Phonemes | the smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language |
| morpheme | the smallest unit that carries a meaning. It may be a word or part of a word |
| syntax | consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
| semantics | is the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences |
| babbling stage | beginning at four months, the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at about 6-7 months old |
| one word stage | beginning at or around their first birthday, a child is able to speak one word at a time |
| two word stage | before the second year a child starts to speak in two word sentences, called telegraphic speech |
| longer phrases | after telegraphic speech, children begin uttering longer phrases, with syntactical sense |
| overgeneralization | when young children will make errors in syntax, often because of exceptions to syntactical rules |
| aphasia | impairment of language |
| Noam Chomsky | argues that all language share some basic elements, which he calls universal grammar rules. The language acquisition device |
| Benjamin lee Whorf | believed that language determines the way we think, linguistic determinism |
Created by:
Neo Gupta
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