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Imaging Ch.3
The Structure of Matter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Greek Atom | They thought all matter was composed of four substances: earth, water, air, and fire. |
| Dalton Atom | Described elements as being made up of atoms which were linked together in a hook and eye fashion. |
| Thomson Atom | Described the atom as looking like plum pudding. |
| Bohr Atom | Described an atom as looking like a miniature solar system. |
| Periodic Table of Elements | All elements are arranged into 8 groups |
| Atomic Mass | - Expressed when precision is necessary. - Are not whole #'s |
| Atomic mass numbers | Expressed when precision is not necessary and you can work with whole numbers. |
| Electrons | May only exist in certain shells which represent different energy levels or different electron binding energies. |
| Shells | Are labeled starting at K, L, M, N, etc.. |
| There is a specific number of electrons for each shell: | (2n) 2 |
| Ionization | - The removal of an orbital electron from an atom. - The total number of electrons in the orbital shell is equal to the total number of protons in the nucleus. |
| Electron Binding Energy | - The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus of an atom. - The closer the electron is to the nucleus of the atom, the stronger the binding energy. |
| Centripetal Force | "Center seeking" force; Helps to bind electrons to the nucleus of the atom. |
| Centrifugal Force | "Flying out from the center" force; Electrons maintain their distance from the nucleus and remain in an elliptical path. |
| Chemical symbol | The alphabetic abbreviation of an element. |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (represented by Z). |
| Atomic mass number | The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom (represented by A). |
| Atomic mass | The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. |
| Isotopes | - In a given element there atoms that may have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers. - These elements have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons. |
| Isobars | The atomic nuclei have the same atomic mass number but different atomic numbers. |
| These atoms have different numbers of protons and different numbers of neutrons but the same number of nucleons. | Isobars |
| Isotone | Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. |
| Isomers | - They have the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number. - Atoms are often identical except that they exist at different energy states because of differences in nucleon arrangements. |
| Atom | The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element. |
| Molecule | A combination of atoms. |
| Compound | Any quantity of any one kind of molecule. |
| Covalent bonds | Sharing of electrons in the outer shell so that a compound is formed |
| Ionic bonds | When an electron of one atom is given to another atom creating a chemical compound. |
| Radioactive disintegration / radioactive decay | When the nucleus has too few or too many neutrons, the atom can disintegrate radioactively, bringing the number of neutrons and protons into a stable and proper ratio. |
| Beta emission | An electron-like particle created in the nucleus is ejected from the nucleus. The results is a loss of mass and a negative charge. |
| Beta emission | Simultaneously, a neutron undergoes conversion to a proton. The results is the atom changing from one type of element to another. |
| Radioactive Half-life | The time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one half its original value |
| Alpha emission | Two protons and two neutrons bound together (alpha particle) are emitted resulting in an atom that is chemically different and lighter. |
| Particulate radiation | Alpha and beta particles which are associated with radioactive decay. |
| Electromagnetic radiation | X-rays and gamma rays: - Gamma rays produced from the nucleus of an atom - X-rays produced from the electron shells around the atom |
| _________________ are the only forms of ionizing electromagnetic radiation of radiologic interest. | X-rays and gamma rays |
| The only difference in x-rays and gamma rays are their _______. | Origin |
| Are produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells. | X-rays |
| Are emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope and are associated with alpha or beta emission. | Gamma Rays |
| Particle Accelerators | An atom "smasher". Cyclotron. Linear Accelerato. |
| Electron | Elementary particle with one - charged. Surround positively charged nucleus and determine the chemical properties of the atom. |
| Proton | Elementary particle with a + electric charge equal to that of an electron and a mass approximately = to that of a neutron. Is located within the nucleus of an atom. |
| Neutron | Uncharged elementary particle, with a mass slightly greater than that of the proton, that is found in the nucleus of every atom heavier than hydrogen. |
| The fundamental particles of an atom are: | Proton, electron, and neutron. |
| A ______ is essentially empty space. | Atom. |
| In their normal state _____ are electrical neutral; the electric charge on the ______ is zero. | Atom. |
| Physicists call the shell number "n" the ____________________. | Principal Quantum Number. |
| Photons | Have no mass and no charge. |
| The _______ is essentially empty space | Atom. |
| No outer shell can contain more than _____ electrons. | 8 |
| The atomic mass number and the precise mass of an atom are ___________________. | Not equal. |
| A _________ is any quantity of one type of molecule. | Chemical compound. |
| Radioactivity | Is the spontaneous emission of particles and energy in order to become stable. |
| The smallest particle of an element is an _________. | Atom. |
| The smallest particle of a compound is a ____________ | Molecule |
| Radioactive Decay | Results is emission of alpha particles, beta particles and usually gamma rays. |
| 3.3 half-lives = | 1 tenth life. |
| Gamma rays | Come from the nucleus. |
| X-rays | Come from the electron cloud. |
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