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UNIT 3 Vocabulary
Unit 3 Evolution of Sick Humans
| Definition | |
|---|---|
| Allele | one of two or more alternative versions of a gene |
| Amino Acid | molecules that make up proteins |
| Cell | Basic unit of living organisms; Cells perform all the essential functions for life, including taking in nutrients, producing energy, and replicating themselves |
| Chromosome | Structure found inside the nucleus of the cells; A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| Circadian Rythm | the natural, 24-hour cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes that the body goes through. Based on the sleep-wake cycle |
| Digestive System Function | Break down food and liquids into substances that the body can use for energy, growth, and tissue repair. |
| DNA | Genetic information inside the body’s cells that helps to make people who they are; passed from parents to offspring |
| Enzyme | a protein produced by living organisms that acts as a biological catalyst, meaning it speeds up specific chemical reactions in the body without being changed itself; essentially, it helps chemical processes happen faster within the body |
| Eukaryote | an organism whose cells contain a clearly defined nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, like mitochondria, making up all multicellular organisms like plants, animals, and fungi. |
| Evolution | Process by which living things change over time, with new traits appearing in a population across generations, often due to natural selection adapting organisms to their environment, leading to the development of new species. |
| Fat (LIPID) | Soft layer of tissue in animals that stores energy and protects organs. |
| Fossil | Preserved remains or trace of a plant or animal that lived in the past |
| Gene | Section of DNA that contains the information for making proteins that determine a person’s physical traits and cell functions; passed from parents to their offspring and is the basic unit of heredity |
| Heredity | the passing of traits or characteristics from parents to their offspring through genes, meaning you inherit certain features from your parents due to genetic information they pass on to you. |
| Hormone | a chemical messenger that travels through the bloodstream to control the actions of cells and organs; produced in glands |
| Intestine | Long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion; nutrients are absorbed through the small intestine and water is absorbed in the large intestines into the blood stream; produces lactase |
| Lactose | a sugar present in milk that breaks down to give glucose and galactose and on fermentation gives especially lactic acid. |
| Lactase | an enzyme needed to convert milk sugar (lactose) into simple sugars that the body can use (glucose and galactose); produced in the small intestine |
| Mammal | a warm-blooded vertebrate animal with hair that feeds their young milk and has a more complex brain than other animals |
| Metabolism | The process by which the body’s cells convert food and drink into energy through chemical reactions |
| Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence of an organism; essentially a "spelling error" in the genetic code that can be passed on to offspring if it occurs in reproductive cells; these changes can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect on the organism |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A single-stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes, where proteins are made. |
| Non-coding DNA | The portion of an organism’s DNA sequence that does not contain instructions for building proteins. |
| Nucleus | Structure in a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes (genetic material) |
| Obesity | Chronic condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat that poses a risk to health. |
| Phenotype | The observable traits of an organism, such as its physical characteristics, behavior, or metabolism; determined by an individual’s genotype, or genetic makeup, and environmental factors |
| Protein | Complex molecule made up of long chains of amino acids; essential building blocks for all living organisms, performing various functions like building tissues, transporting molecules, and regulating chemical reactions withing the body |
| Receptor | A molecule or cell that receives a stimulus and responds to it; often made of a protein that binds to a specific substance and causes a reaction in a cell |
| Ribosome | A small structure inside a cell that acts like a “protein factory,” where amino acids are linked together to build proteins, essentially translating genetic code into functional proteins within the cell |
| Traits | A distinguishing characteristic that makes someone or something unique. Traits can be physical, like eye color, and are determined by genes, environmental factors, or a combination of both. |
| Transcription | Process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. This copy, call messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene’s protein information encoded in DNA |
| Translation | Process by which a cell uses messenger RNA (mRNA) to create proteins |
Created by:
LFeldmann
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