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HK 150 Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | Mole that can liberate Hydrogen ions. |
| Base | Molecule that can combine with Hydrogen ions. |
| Normal pH in body | ~7.4 (Survival range of 7.0-7.8) |
| Alkalosis | pH > 7.4 |
| Acidosis | pH < 7.4 |
| Primary Source of Hydrogen during ANAEROBIC Exercise | Lactic Acid; strong acid liberating LARGE amounts of hydrogen. |
| Primary Source of Hydrogen during AEROBIC Exercise | Carbon Dioxide; forms carbonic acid liberating hydrogen. |
| Negative impact of Hydrogen Ion accumulation of skeletal muscle | May impair exercise performance from inhibited ATP (Krebs enzymes) production and interferes with muscle contraction. |
| Buffer Systems | Resist changes in pH (Acid-Base) |
| Buffer System function: | Maintain pH by releasing/accepting Hydrogen ions when pH is high/low. |
| Primary Buffer System used during Exercise within CELLS | Intracellular proteins (PCr) (60%), Bicarbonate (20-30%) and Phosphate groups (10%) |
| Primary Buffer System used during Exercise within BLOOD | Extracellular buffer; Blood protein limit quantity using Hemoglobin and Bicarbonate (>50 VO2 max) |
| If Hydrogen is NOT buffered | Acidosis would lower pH, Muscles would fatigue and Oxygen transport would be impaired. |
| Function of CV system | Transport oxygen/nutrients to tissues, removes wastes and helps regulate body temperature |
| Chambers of the heart | Pumps of the heart, total of 4; Right/Left Atrium and ventricles |
| 4 valves of the Heart | Tricuspid (Right AV), Bicuspid (Left AV), Pulmonary (semilunar) and Aortic (semilunar) |
| 4 primary vessels | Vena Cava, Pulmonary Veins/Arteries and Aorta |
| Right Atrium Blood Flow Direction | UP; oxygen-poor & CO2-rich blood. |
| Left Atrium Blood Flow Direction | Down; oxygen-rich & CO2-poor blood. |
| Pulmonary Circuit | Consists of the heart and lungs |
| Pulmonary Circuit Direction | Pumps deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs via pulmonary arteries & returns oxygenated blood to the LA via pulmonary veins |
| Systemic Circuit | Consists of the heart and tissues |
| Systemic Circuit Direction | Pumps oxygenated blood from LV to whole body via aorta & returns deoxygenated blood to the RA via vena cava |
| Arteries/Arterioles | Carries blood AWAY from heart when blood is under high pressure. Tunica media (smooth muscle layer) constricts. |
| Veins/Venules | RETURNS blood to the heart when low pressure. Valves prevent backflow. |
| Capillaries | Only site of oxygen/nutrient exchange within tissues. ONLY endothelium. |
| Similarity between myocardial cells & skeletal muscle fibers | Both contain actin and myosin = they both contract. |
| Systole | Contraction phase; ejects blood from ventricle. While at rest, 40% of cycle is spent here. |
| Diastole | Relaxation phase; filling the ventricle with blood. While at rest, 60% of cycle is spent here. |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Pumped OUT of the left ventricle with each beat |
| Stroke volume calculation | SV=EDV – ESV |
| Cardiac Output (Q) | Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute |
| Cardiac Output Calculation | Q = HR x SR |
| Ejection fraction (EF) | Proportion of blood that is ejected |
| Ejection Fraction Calculation | EF = (SV / EDV) x 100 |
| Systolic Pressure | Pressure generated in arteries during VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION |
| Diastolic Pressure | Pressure generated in arteries during CARDIAC RELAXATION. |
| SA node | "Pacemaker” that initiates depolarization in atria STARTING electrical signal. (1) |
| AV Node | Receives signal and transmits to ventricles with brief delay to allow for blood to fill. (2) |
| Bundle Branches | Signal travels down left/right bundles and directs towards each ventricle (3) |
| Purkinje Fibers | Fibers spread electrical signal throughout ventricles to trigger contraction (4) |
| PNS | Vagus nerve (“Brake Nerve”) |
| SNS | Cardiac accelerator nerve |
| ANS HR control during REST & PNS | Nerve is stimulated, decreasing intrinsic rate. |
| ANS HR control during EXERCISE & PNS | Increase in HR from decrease in nerve stimulation |
| ANS HR control during EXERCISE & SNS | Increase in HR due to increased nerve stimulation |
| Factors that Regulate Stroke Volume | Contractility and Preload |
| Contractility | Strength of ventricular contraction (SNS) using the FREQUENCY Effect |
| Frequency Effect | Increased rate of depolarization by nor/epinephrine from calcium in myocardial cell |
| Preload | Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole using MUSCLE-LENGTH Effect. |
| Muscle-Length Effect | Increased stretching in sarcomeres |
| Frank-Starling Mechanism | Increase in ventricular filling causes sarcomeres to stretch creating a more forceful contraction to eject more blood per beat. |
| Exercise impact on Venous Return | Venoconstriction causes veins to constrict from SNS, Skeletal muscle & Respiratory Pumps increase abdominal pressure to allow veins to empty towards the heart |
| MVP Variable that determines Blood Flow Resistance and Afterload impact | Vessel Radius (Constriction; increased BP & decreased SV) |
| Redistribution of Blood Flow during Exercise: | Causes for increase in SV due to vasodilation from skeletal muscle. (NOT vasoconstriction!) |
| How Oxygen delivery is accomplished during exercise | Due to higher cardiac output, better oxygen difference and improved blood flow redistribution. |
| Exercise & Cardiac Output (Q) | Increases LINEARLY with intensity to deliver more oxygen-rich blood to muscles. |
| Exercise & Heart Rate (HR) | Increases LINEARLY with intensity as body requires faster blood circulation. |
| Exercise & Stroke Volume (SV): | Increases SIGMOIDIALY then PLATEAUS with intensity. (NOT beyond 40% VO2max.) |
| Exercise & Blood Pressure (BP) | Increases PROPORTIONALLY with intensity from greater cardiac output |
| Exercise & MAP/a-vO2 Difference | Increases MODERATELY with intensity. |
| Cardiovascular Drift | Gradual increase in heart rate. |
| a-vO2 Difference | Reflects amount of oxygen extracted by tissues; hence NOT all oxygen is delivered to tissues. |
| During Exercise HIGH a-vO2diff is Preferred | Muscle extract MORE oxygen from blood producing energy to meet increased demands. |
| Adaptations that increase VO2max during exercise | Delivery (Q) & Extraction (a-vO2) |
| Factor Increasing Delivery (Q) | Due to increase in stroke volume from training. |
| Early Phase Training Primary Adaptations | Neural adaptations improve strength coordination and efficiency. |
| Later Phase Training Primary Adaptations | Metabolic Adaptations/Muscle Hypertrophy improves cardiovascular system and enhances energy systems. |
| Genetic influence on VO2 max | 50% of range is due to mitochondrial DNA. |
| Function of the Pulmonary Respiratory system | Provides gas exchange between environment and body. Regulates acid-base balance during exercise. |
| Ventilation | Mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs |
| Diffusion | Process that oxygen moves out of lungs and into blood. CO2 moves from blood into the lungs. |
| Conducting Zone | Conducts/moves air through trachea and into bronchioles to respiratory zone. Humidifies/warms and filters air. (NO GAS EXCHANGE takes place) |
| Respiratory Zone | Exchange gases between blood and lungs that occurs in alveoli and alveolar sacs. |
| Number of alveoli in lungs | ~300 million! |
| Diaphragm use for Ventilation | Muscles initiate pressure change inside lungs. |
| Active (Inspiration) Ventilation Phase | Diaphragm lowers, expanding the chest cavity volume resulting in intrapulmonary pressure to DECREASE. (757-760 mmHg) ‘Vacuum’ allows air flow |
| Passive (Expiration) Ventilation Phase | Diaphragm relaxes, alveoli RAISES intrapulmonary pressure (763 mmHg) Air forced out of lungs. |
| Ventilation Calculation | Airflow = (P1 – P2) / Resistance |
| Tidal Volume | Volume (L) of air entering/leaving lungs during one breath at rest |
| Average Tidal Volume | 0.5 L x 15 = 7.5 L/min. |
| Alveolar ventilation (VA) | Volume of “fresh air” that reaches Respiratory Zone each minute. (0.35L) |
| Dead Space Ventilation (VD) | Not all air passing the lips reaches respiratory zones and remains in Conducting Zone. (0.15 L) Inflammation = increase |
| Diffusion Movement | Random movement of molecules (gases) from HIGH to LOW concentration/pressures. |
| Fick’s Law of Diffusion | Rate of gas transfer across tissues |
| Factors that influence has movement within body | Tissue area/thickness, Diffusion coefficient of gas, Difference in partial pressure. |
| Partial Pressure Importance of gas movement | Moves gases in/out of lungs using diffusion. |
| Partial Pressure & Oxygen Movement | Pressure moves from 100 mmHg to 40 mmHg. Moves from Alveolus to Body Tissues. |
| Partial Pressure & Carbon Dioxide Movement | Pressure moves from 46 mmHg to 40 mmHg. Moves from Body Tissues to Alveolus. |
| Oxygen Transport in Blood | Binds to hemoglobin (Hb) in RBC by forming oxyhemoglobin using 4 O2. |
| Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood | Transported as bicarbonate (70%) or binds to hemoglobin (20%) |
| Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | Shows how hemoglobin binds/releases oxygen depending on PO2 levels. |
| Higher Temperature & Lower pH | More ACIDIC conditions with easier oxygen release levels. RIGHT shift. |
| Lower Temperature & Higher pH | More ALKALINE conditions where hemoglobin holds oxygen more tightly. LEFT shift. |
| Myoglobin | Oxygen-binding protein that transports oxygen from cell membrane to mitochondria to produce energy. |
| Greater affinity for Oxygen | Myoglobin |
| Respiratory Control Center: | Located in brainstem to regulate breathing using chemical signals and mechanical feedback to maintain homeostasis. |
| Pulmonary Ventilation at REST | Chemoreceptors detect change forcing Mechanical Feedback to create rhythmic breathing. |
| Pulmonary Ventilation during EXERCISE | Increased O2 and CO2 Removal from Neural Input causing for Increased Breathing Rate and Depth. |
| Central Chemoreceptors | Located in medulla oblongata and stimulated by partial pressure of CO2. Detects changes in blood CO2 and pH. Increases pH with ventilation. |
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors | Located in carotid/aortic bodies that responds to partial pressure of OXYGEN. Increases O2 with ventilation. |
| Carotid Bodies | Detects oxygen levels and triggers increase in ventilation with O2 drop. |
| Aortic Bodies | Detects CO2 and pH levels primary during metabolic acidosis or increased CO2 production. |
| Tvent | Transition point where ventilation starts to increase more rapidly than VO2 due to onset of anaerobic metabolism |
| Exercise Training Influence on Ventilation | Improves Ventilatory Efficiency and Enhances Pulmonary Function with Increase in Respiratory Muscular Endurance. |
Created by:
maggiemooz
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