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Immu Terms Chpt 8
Glossary Terms
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| Adhesion molecules | For example, the integrins and selectins. These are molecules that mediate the binding of cells to other cells or to extracellular matrix molecules such as fibronectin. | |
| Alleles | Variants of a single genetic locus. | |
| Anaphylatoxins | Fragments of complement proteins released during activation. Result in increased vascular permeability and attract leukocytes. | |
| Antibody (Ab) | A protein produced as a result of interaction with an antigen. The protein has the ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production. | |
| Antigen (Ag) | A substance that can react with an antibody. Not all antigens can induce antibody production; those that can are also called immunogens. | |
| B cell (also B lymphocyte) | Strictly, a bursa-derived cell in avian species and, by analogy, a cell derived from the equivalent of the bursa in nonavian species. B cells are the precursors of plasma cells that produce antibody. | |
| Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity | Immunity in which the participation of lymphocytes and macrophages is predominant. Cell-mediated immunity is a term generally applied to the type IV hypersensitivity reaction (see below). | |
| Chemotaxis | A process whereby phagocytic cells are attracted to the vicinity of invading pathogens. | |
| Complement | A set of plasma proteins that is the primary mediator of antigen-antibody reactions. | |
| Cytolysis | The lysis of bacteria or of cells such as tumor or red blood cells by insertion of the membrane attack complex derived from complement activation. | |
| Cytotoxic T cell | T cells that can kill other cells, eg, cells infected with intracellular pathogens. | |
| Complement | A set of plasma proteins that is the primary mediator of antigen-antibody reactions. | |
| Cytolysis | he lysis of bacteria or of cells such as tumor or red blood cells by insertion of the membrane attack complex derived from complement activation. | |
| Cytotoxic T cell | T cells that can kill other cells, eg, cells infected with intracellular pathogens. | |
| Endotoxins | Bacterial toxins released from damaged cells. | |
| Epitope | Site on an antigen recognized by an antibody. Also known as an antigenic determinant. | |
| Hapten | A molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but can react with specific antibody. | |
| Histocompatible | Sharing transplantation antigens. | |
| Humoral immunity | Pertaining to immunity in a body fluid and used to denote immunity mediated by antibody and complement. | |
| Hypersensitivity reactions | Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity and Cell-mediated hypersensitivity | |
| Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity | Type I. Immediate: IgE antibody is induced by allergen and binds via its Fc receptor to mast cells and eosinophils. After encountering the antigen again, the fixed IgE becomes cross-linked, inducing degranulation and release of mediators, especially hista | |
| Cell-mediated hypersensitivity | Type IV. Delayed: T lymphocytes, sensitized by an antigen, release cytokines upon second contact with the same antigen. The cytokines induce inflammation and activate macrophages. | |
| Immune response | Development of resistance (immunity) to a foreign substance (eg, infectious agent). It can be antibody-mediated (humoral), cell-mediated (cellular), or both. | |
| Immunity | (1) Innate immunity: Nonspecific resistance not acquired through contact with an antigen. It includes skin and mucous membrane barriers to infectious agents and a variety of nonspecific immunologic factors, and it may vary with age and hormonal or metabol | |
| Immunity | Adaptive immunity: Protection acquired by deliberate introduction of an antigen into a responsive host. Active immunity is specific and is mediated by either antibody or lymphoid cells (or both). | |
| Immunoglobulin | A glycoprotein, composed of H and L chains, that functions as antibody. All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but not all immunoglobulins have antibody function. | |
| Immunoglobulin class | A subdivision of immunoglobulin molecules based on structural (amino acid sequence) differences. In humans there are five immunoglobulin classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. | |
| Immunoglobulin subclass | A subdivision of the classes of immunoglobulins based on structural differences in the H chains. For human IgG there are four subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. | |
| Inflammation | Local accumulation of fluid and cells after injury or infection. | |
| Interferon | One of a heterogeneous group of low-molecular-weight proteins elaborated by infected host cells that protect noninfected cells from viral infection. Interferons, which are cytokines, also have immunomodulating functions. | |
| Leukocyte | General term for a white cell. | |
| Lymphocyte | mononuclear cell 7–12 m in diameter containing a nucleus with densely packed chromatin and a small rim of cytoplasm. Lymphocytes include the T cells and B cells, which have primary roles in immunity. | |
| Macrophage | A phagocytic mononuclear cell derived from bone marrow monocytes and found in tissues and at the site of inflammation. Macrophages serve accessory roles in immunity, particularly as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). | |
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | A cluster of genes located in close proximity, eg, on human chromosome 6, that encode the histocompatibility antigens (MHC molecules). | |
| Membrane attack complex | The end product of activation of the complement cascade, which contains C5, C6, C7, and C8 (and C9). The membrane attack complex makes holes in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria, killing them and, in red blood or other cells, resulting in lysis. | |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Each B lymphocyte produces antibody of a single specificity. However, normal B cells do not grow indefinitely. If B cells are fused to a myeloma cell by somatic cell hybridization and fused cells that secrete the desired antibody specificity are selected, | |
| Monocyte | A circulating phagocytic blood cell that develops into tissue macrophages. | |
| Natural killer (NK) cells | Large granular lymphoid cells with no known antigen-specific receptors. They are able to recognize and kill certain abnormal cells, eg, tumor cells, and also activate the innate response. | |
| Opsonin | A substance capable of enhancing phagocytosis. Antibodies and complement are the two main opsonins. | |
| Opsonization | The coating of an antigen or particle (eg, infectious agent) by substances, such as antibodies, complement components, fibronectin, and so forth, that facilitate uptake of the foreign particle into a phagocytic cell. | |
| Plasma cell | A terminally differentiated B cell that secretes antibody. | |
| Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) | Also known as a neutrophil or granulocyte, a PMN is characterized by a multilobed nucleus. PMNs migrate from the circulation to a site of inflammation by chemotaxis and are phagocytic for bacteria and other particles. | |
| T cell (also T lymphocyte) | A thymus-derived cell that participates in a variety of cell-mediated immune reactions. | |
| Thymocytes | Developing T cells found in the thymus. | |
| Vaccination | Induction of immunity by injecting a dead or attenuated form of a pathogen. | |
| Chemokines | Low-molecular-weight proteins that stimulate leukocyte movement. |
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